scholarly journals Effect of a New Feed Daphnia magna (Straus, 1820), as a Fish Meal Substitute on Growth, Feed Utilization, Histological Status, and Economic Revenue of Grey Mullet, Mugil cephalus (Linnaeus 1758)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7093
Author(s):  
Hamdy A. Abo-Taleb ◽  
Mohamed Ashour ◽  
Mohamed A. Elokaby ◽  
Mohamed M. Mabrouk ◽  
Mohamed M. M. El-feky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Feed Conversion

The formulator of aquatic diets is part of a continuous search for alternative protein sources instead of depreciated fish meal. The utilization of zooplankton as a feed ingredient is an interesting trend due to their high-quality protein content and abundance of essential nutrients. The current study aims to investigate the effects of partial and total replacement of fish meal (FM) by Dahpnia magna meal (DMM) on growth performance, feed utilization, histological, and economic status of mullet, M. cephalus, larvae. In addition to the control diet, 100% FM, D0, four diets containing DMM at different levels were used: 25% (D25), 50% (D50), 75% (D75), and 100% (D100) replacement of fish meal. A total of 300 larvae (0.097 ± 0.001 g) were equally divided into five groups (three replicate per each group) at a density of 200 larvae m−3. The aquariums were renewed at a rate of 30% daily. During the 60-day experimental period, all larvae were fed their respective diets at a level of 20% of live body weight, five times a day (9.00 a.m., 12.00, 15.00, 18.00, and 21.00 p.m.). The results indicated that compared to D0, fish fed D75 recorded the highest significant value of growth, and feed utilization parameters, while fish fed D100 achieved the lowest feed cost and incidence cost, and the highest profit index and economic efficiency ratio. A strong correlation was reported among weight gain, feed conversion ratio and fish meal replacement with DMM; R2 = 0.94 and 0.91, respectively. The fit regression model representing mullet response to FM replacement with DMM is a poly-nominal regression model with maximum response at 75–100%. The histological investigation of the intestine revealed an improvement of histomorphometric indices and goblet cell number with increasing DMM inclusion levels. These findings confirmed that 75% to 100% partial substitution of FM with DMM is the ideal replacement for mullet, M. cephalus, larvae for improving fish growth performance and feed utilization.

scholarly journals Effects of taurine supplementation in low fish meal diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) in low water temperature season

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. B. E. Gunathilaka ◽  
Min-Gi Kim ◽  
Chorong Lee ◽  
Jaehyeong Shin ◽  
Bong-Joo Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Pagrus Major ◽  
Taurine Supplementation ◽  
Red Seabream ◽  
Relative Expression Level

Abstract Background Taurine is a conditional essential amino acid for fish. A study was conducted to investigate the compensating effect of supplemental taurine in diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) on impaired growth performance by fish meal (FM) replacement with soybean meal (SM) at low water temperature (14.15 ± 1.95 °C). Methods A FM-based diet was considered as a high FM diet and three other experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with SM by 20, 35, or 50% (HFM, SM20, SM35, or SM50, respectively) without taurine and other four diets were formulated by adding 1% taurine to the diets (HFM-T, SM20-T, SM35-T, or SM50-T, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (108.9 ± 1.58 g/fish) were distributed into 24 polyvinyl circular tanks (215 L) with 20 fish per tank and fed one of the diets to satiation for 20 weeks. Results Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream were significantly improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. SM20-T and SM35-T diets increased fish growth that are comparable to HFM diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed SM20-T and SM35-T diets were not significantly different from those of HFM group. Dietary taurine supplementation in each FM replaced group numerically increased innate immunity of the fish. Lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in fish fed SM35, SM50, and SM50-T diets compared to those of fish fed HFM diet while they were not significantly lower in SM20, SM20-T, SM35, and SM35-T groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in fish group fed SM50 diet while SM50-T group did not significantly lower compared to that of HFM group. The relative expression level of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA was improved in fish fed taurine-supplemented diets compared to their respective SM diets. Conclusions Growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream can be accelerated or restored by 1% taurine supplementation when they are fed high level of SM up to 35% in diets during low water temperature season.

scholarly journals The Utilization of Full-Fat Insect Meal in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Nutrition: The Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Tract Histomorphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Józefiak ◽  
Silvia Nogales-Mérida ◽  
Zuzanna Mikołajczak ◽  
Mateusz Rawski ◽  
Bartosz Kierończyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss

AbstractA 71-day-long experiment was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of 20% Hermetia illucens (HI) meal; Tenebrio molitor (TM) meal; Gryllodes sigillatus (GS) meal; and Blatta lateralis (BL) meal in comparison to a control diet without any insect-based materials that used fish meal as the main source of protein. A total of 1950 rainbow trout juveniles (53.39 ± 3.74 g) were used. The formulated diets were isonitrogenous (45%) and isoenergetic (10 MJ kg−1). The inclusion of a full-fat insect meal did not affect the survival rate during the experimental period. The growth performance was significantly improved in the BL and TM treatments, while in the HI treatment was not affected. However, the GS treatment had a negative effect on the growth performance. The villus height decreased in the TM and GS treatment groups and increased in the BL diet group. The total number of bacteria increased in all insect meal diet groups. The results of the experiment show that B. lateralis, T. molitor and H. illucens full-fat meals can be used as a partial fish meal replacement without negative effects on survival or growth performance parameters. Moreover, full-fat insect meals may be considered as a protein source and a functional feed component that may positively affect the histomorphological structure of the fish gastrointestinal tract and stimulate the expansion of beneficial bacterial populations in the gut.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary inclusion of Spirulina meal on growth and hematological parameters of cultured Asian sea bass, Lates calcarifer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin Yong Tan ◽  
German Bueno Galaz ◽  
Rossita Shapawi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Sea Bass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lates Calcarifer ◽  
Asian Sea Bass

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of Spirulina platensis on growth performance and hematological parameters of juvenile Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) reared in a freshwater culture system. Five experimental diets were prepared by replacing fish meal protein with the microalga at replacement levels of 5% (SP5), 10% (SP10), 20% (SP20) and 30% (SP30), and the substitution effect was compared with a control diet (Con) in which fish meal was the sole protein. Fish were stocked in net cages placed in a 150-ton tank with a stocking density of 20 fish per cage. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, the fish did not show any significant differences in growth performance but numerically higher weight gain and specific growth rate were achieved in the fish stock fed diet SP10 compared to other treatments. Feed conversion ratio and survival rate of fish were significantly affected by the inclusion of Spirulina in the diets. Except for crude ash content, whole-body proximate composition of the experimental fish was also significantly influenced by the diets. Regarding the effects of diets on blood parameters, only hematocrit, hemaglobin, HDL-c and AST were significantly affected by the inclusion of Spirulina in the diets. This study demonstrated that Spirulina could replace up to 10% of FM protein in practical diets of juvenile Asian sea bass without negative effects on growth performance. However, replacement of fish meal with Spirulina meal at 5% might be considered for commercial use considering a significant decrease in survival above this value.

scholarly journals Valorization Use of Amphipod Meal, Gammarus pulex, as a Fishmeal Substitute on Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Histological and Histometric Indices of the Gut, and Economic Revenue of Grey Mullet

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1336
Author(s):  
Mohamed Ashour ◽  
Hamdy A. Abo-Taleb ◽  
Abdel-Kader M. Hassan ◽  
Othman F. Abdelzaher ◽  
Mohamed M. Mabrouk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Gammarus Pulex ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
World Population ◽  
Grey Mullet ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Pathological Effect

The future of aquaculture development is directed toward high intensification to overcome the decline in natural fishing and to provide enough protein for the increasing world population. The spread of aquaculture production and intensification requires the search for high-quality, new efficient feed ingredients with low cost and sustainable importance. Therefore, the current study aimed to detect the effects of partial or total replacement of fishmeal with amphipod meal, Gammarus pulex, on growth performance, survival percent, feed utilization, histological alteration of intestine and liver, and economic yield of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus, fry. Five diets were formulated to contain 100% fishmeal (FM), or FM replaced with 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% amphipod meal (APM) (D0, D25, D50, D75, and D100, respectively). A total of 300 grey mullet fry (0.097 ± 0.001 g), were divided into five groups (three replicates each) at an initial stocking density of 20 fry per aquaria (100 L). The aquarium’s water is renewed at a rate of 30% daily. During a 60-day experimental period, the feeding rate was 20% of body weight, which was introduced as five meals per day. Fish fed D50 achieved the highest significant values of final weight (1.80 g), weight gain (1.70 g), survival (86.67%), final length (4.47 cm), and length gain (2.06 cm). In addition, the feed utilization of diets containing increasing substitution levels of FM showed that the highest protein intake (0.82 g ish−1), protein efficiency ratio (0.83), protein productive value (30.65%), and the lowest significant feed conversion ratio (1.21) were recorded with D50. The dose-response study revealed that the best substitution levels could range between 50% and 75%. Histological observations confirmed that the highest number of goblet cells and intestinal villi were recorded in the group fed D50. No pathological effect was observed in the liver at all substitution levels. In terms of economic efficiency, the best economic conversion ratio was recorded in the group fed D50. This study confirmed that 50% partial substitution of FM with APM is the ideal replacement level for grey mullet fry. In addition, the use of a new renewable alternative, such as APM to substitute FM, could relieve the pressure on the capture of wild fish and reduce the environmental impact of inland aquaculture.

scholarly journals PERFORMA PERTUMBUHAN DAN RESPONS IMUN IKAN LELE (Clarias sp.) DENGAN PEMBERIAN PROBIOTIK, PREBIOTIK, DAN SINBIOTIK

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Iis Sumartini ◽  
Widanarni Widanarni ◽  
Munti Yuhana ◽  
Ayi Santika
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Respiratory Burst ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Feed Conversion

Penerapan sistem budidaya intensif seringkali dihadapkan pada penurunan performa pertumbuhan dan kejadian infeksi penyakit. Upaya untuk meningkatkan status kesehatan ikan agar dapat tumbuh dengan baik dan tahan terhadap serangan penyakit sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian probiotik Bacillus sp. ND2 dan prebiotik madu terhadap performa pertumbuhan dan respons imun ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Ikan lele dengan bobot awal 20,94 ± 1,13 g dipelihara pada akuarium volume 60 L dengan kepadatan 15 ekor per akuarium. Ikan diberi empat jenis pakan yaitu pakan kontrol (+) dan (-) (tidak ada penambahan Bacillus sp. ND2 dan madu), probiotik Bacillus sp. ND2 1%; prebiotik madu 0,5%; dan sinbiotik (Bacillus sp. ND2 1% + madu 0,5%). Setelah 45 hari masa pemeliharaan, 10 ekor ikan dari masing-masing akuarium diuji tantang dengan A. hydrophila 107 cfu mL-1 kecuali kontrol (-). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang diberi sinbiotik memiliki nilai laju pertumbuhan harian (LPH) paling tinggi (3,00 ± 0,04%) dan nilai feed convertion ratio (FCR) paling rendah (1,00 ± 0,01) (P<0,05). Aktivitas lisozim (52,59 ± 2,57 UI mL-1 menit-1) dan respiratory burst (0,61 ± 0,05) menunjukkan nilai yang paling tinggi pada perlakuan sinbiotik (P<0,05). Ekspresi gen IL-1b meningkat pada perlakuan prebiotik (1,25 ± 0,10) pada hari ke-45. Semua perlakuan menunjukkan peningkatan ekspresi pada hari ke-52 dengan nilai tertinggi pada perlakuan sinbiotik (5,50 ± 2,77). Perlakuan sinbiotik memiliki sintasan yang paling tinggi (86,67 ± 5,77%) setelah diuji tantang dengan A. hydrophila. Aplikasi sinbiotik (Bacillus sp. ND2 1% dan madu 0,5%), mampu meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan, respons imun, serta resistensi ikan lele terhadap A. hydrophila. Intensive aquaculture system is continually challenged with some problems such as a decrease in growth performance and disease infection incidences. A substantial effort is needed to improve fish health status to improve the growth performance and disease resistance of cultured fish. To overcome the problems, a feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus sp. ND2 and honey on the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of Clarias sp. Fish with an initial body weight of 20.94 ± 1.13 g were fed with four practical diets: control diet (+) and (-) (no addition of Bacillus sp. ND2 and honey), probiotic Bacillus sp. ND2 1%, prebiotic honey 0.5%, and synbiotic diets (Bacillus sp. ND2 1% + honey 0.5%). After 45 days of feeding experimental period, ten fish per aquarium were challenged with A. hydrophila except for control (-). The results showed that fish fed with synbiotic produced the highest specific growth rate (SGR) (3.00 ± 0.04%) and had the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.00 ± 0.01) which were significantly different from the control (P<0.05). The immune assay showed that fish fed with synbiotic produced the highest lysozyme activity (52.59 ± 2.57 UI mL-1 minute-1), respiratory burst activity (0.61 ± 0.05) which were significantly different from the control groups (P<0.05). The fish IL-1b gene expression was enhanced in prebiotic (1.25 ± 0.10) treatment at the end of the culture period. All treatments showed the enhancement of IL-1b gene expression at the end of A. hydrophila-challenge test, with the highest value attained by fish treated with synbiotic treatment (5.50 ± 2.77). Fish fed with synbiotic diet showed the highest survival rate (86.67 ± 5.77%) after seven days infected with A. hydrophila. In conclusion, synbiotic treatment (Bacillus sp. ND2 1% and honey 0.5%) could improve growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance of Clarias sp. against A. hydrophila infection. 

scholarly journals Effect of the interaction of seaweed extracts containing laminarin and fucoidan with zinc oxide on the growth performance, digestibility and faecal characteristics of growing piglets

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. O'Shea ◽  
P. McAlpine ◽  
T. Sweeney ◽  
P. F. Varley ◽  
J. V. O'Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Seaweed Extracts ◽  
Faecal Consistency ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Faecal Counts

Seaweed extracts (SWE) rich in laminarin and fucoidan have shown promise as a supplement for weaned piglets. However, successful application in pig nutrition depends on their bioactivity in the presence of additives such as ZnO. In the present study, a 2 × 2 factorial experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the interaction between SWE and ZnO on the growth performance, digestibility and faecal characteristics of 192 weaned piglets (6·5 kg). The piglets were penned in groups of 4 (n 12 pens). The study consisted of two phases after weaning: a starter diet period from the day of weaning (0 d) to 21 d and a transition diet period from 21 to 40 d. The dietary treatments were as follows: (1) control diet; (2) control diet+ZnO; (3) control diet+SWE; (4) control diet+ZnO+SWE. Diets containing ZnO improved the faecal consistency of the piglets throughout the experimental period (0–40 d). An effect of the interaction between ZnO and SWE on several variable was observed. The diet containing only SWE or ZnO improved the feed conversion efficiency of the piglets during the transition diet period; however, this effect was not observed when the diet containing both ZnO and SWE was fed. The diet containing only SWE increased the N and organic matter digestibility of the piglets; however, this effect was not observed in the presence of ZnO. An interaction between ZnO and SWE was observed, whereby the faecal counts of Escherichia coli were decreased when piglets were fed the diet containing only SWE, but not when fed the diet containing both SWE and ZnO. In summary, SWE and ZnO improve growth performance when given alone, but not when given in combination. The biological effect of SWE on selected digestibility and faecal characteristics was markedly different when compared with that of ZnO.

scholarly journals Partial and Total Replacement of Soybean Meal with Full-Fat Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens L.) Larvae Meal in Broiler Chicken Diets: Impact on Growth Performance, Carcass Quality and Meat Quality

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2715
Author(s):  
Daria Murawska ◽  
Tomasz Daszkiewicz ◽  
Wiesław Sobotka ◽  
Michał Gesek ◽  
Dorota Witkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Taste Intensity ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Meal Protein

The aim of this study was to compare selected growth performance parameters and slaughter characteristics in broiler chickens fed diets with a different content of full-fat Hermetia illucens L. (HI) larvae meal. The experiment was performed on 384 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) reared to 42 d of age and assigned to four dietary treatments (HI0—control diet and diets where soybean meal protein (SBM) was replaced with HI protein in 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively). The final body weights of chickens were as follows: 3010.0 g (HI0), 2650.0 g (HI50), 2590.0 g (HI75) and 2375.0 g (H100, p < 0.05). The carcasses of chickens from the experimental groups contained less meat and more abdominal fat. The feed conversion ratio for the entire experimental period was similar in groups HI0, HI50 and HI75 and more desirable than in group HI100 (p < 0.05). The meat of broiler chickens from groups HI75 and HI100 was characterized by significantly (p < 0.05) lower juiciness and taste intensity than the meat of birds from groups HI0 and HI50. The replacement of SBM protein with full-fat HI larvae meal in broiler diets exceeding 50% significantly compromised the growth performance of birds and the carcass and meat quality.

scholarly journals PSVII-15 The effects of feeding a fortified protein blend as a replacement for animal and fish proteins in nursery pig diets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 218-219
Author(s):  
Jorge Y P Palencia ◽  
Clayton S Chastain ◽  
Alan W Duttlinger ◽  
Kayla M Mills ◽  
Julie A Feldpausch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fish Proteins

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of total or partial replacement of animal and fish proteins with a fortified protein blend (PROPLEX MVP) on growth performance of nursery piglets. PROPLEX MVP is a blend of two distinct fermentation biomass streams, refined soybean products, select amino acids, and a NSP enzyme complex. A total of 306 barrows and gilts [(Duroc x (Landrace x Yorkshire), avg. 22 d age and BW 6.37 ± 1.24 kg)] were used in a randomized complete block design with three dietary treatments, each with 19 replicates (pens) of 5 piglets. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control diet (CONT) with animal and fish protein sources (Blood meal, Spray-dried Plasma, and Fish meal); 2) PROPLEX MVP (MVP): CONT with MVP replacing Fish meal; 3) PROPLEX MVP 100 (MVP100): CONT with MVP replacing 100% of animal and fish proteins. Pigs were fed a budgeted amount per head of the assigned experimental diets for the first three feeding phases (Phase 1: 2.3 kg/pig; Phase 2: 4.5 kg/pig; Phase 3: 6.8 kg/pig). A common diet was provided in Phase 4 until day 42 post-weaning. Pigs fed CONT had greater ADG (P &lt; 0.05) compared to MVP100 pigs d 0-7 post-weaning. From d 7 to 14, pigs fed MVP and MVP100 had a significantly greater ADG and G:F (P &lt; 0.05) than pigs fed CONT diet. For the remainder of the experimental period (d 14 to 42), no differences (P &gt; 0.10) were observed among treatments. The use of MVP100 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the total nursery feed cost by US $1.03/pig and feed cost/kg of weight gain by 12%. In conclusion, MVP protein blend can effectively substitute for animal and fish proteins sources without compromising overall nursery pigs’ growth performance and results in significant feed cost savings.

Effect of dietary probiotic, antibiotic or combination on broiler performance, cecum microbial population and ileal development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elbaz ◽  
Said El-sheikh
Keyword(s):  
Control Diet ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Broiler Performance

Objective: To investigate the effect of antibiotics and/or probiotics on broiler performance, some serum metabolites, cecum microflora composition, and ileum histomorphology under the Egyptian conditions. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study. Animals: Two hundred forty 1-day-old Ross (308) chicks were reared till 35 days of age. Procedures: The birds were randomly allocated into four main groups: a control diet without additives (CON); probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) supplemented diet (PRO); antibiotic (Avilamycin) supplemented diet (ANT) and a mix group (AP) that received antibiotic in the diet form 1 to 4 days of age and treated during the rest of the experimental period with probiotics. Results: Chickens fed on probiotic or antibiotic diets had linear improvement in live body weight (LBW) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with the control group, while the best LBW and FCR were in the AP group. An improvement in the nutrient digestibility was observed in the probiotic added groups (PRO and AP). Serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents decreased when antimicrobial (probiotic or antibiotic) supplementations were used, while there was an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents, serum total protein, and albumin levels. Among all groups, cecum Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli counts decreased; however, there was an increase in Lactobacillus count compared to the control group. In probiotic supplemented groups (PRO and AP), a significant (P<0.05) improvement in ilea architecture. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Using probiotic after initial treatment with an antibiotic in broiler diets had a positive effect on broiler growth performance, gut health (improved cecum microbial populations and ileum histomorphology), and nutrient digestibility.

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