scholarly journals The Application Potential of Hop Sediments from Beer Production for Composting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6409
Author(s):  
Michał Kopeć ◽  
Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek ◽  
Krzysztof Gondek ◽  
Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka ◽  
Marek Zdaniewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Biological Transformation ◽  
Spent Hops ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Processing Errors ◽  
Beer Production

The chemical composition of hop sediments from beer brewing and fermentation gives them the potential for further use. These wastes are not generated in large amounts, but the absence of proper characteristics may lead to processing errors. This study examines the possibility of using hop waste for aerobic biological transformation processes (composting). The study was carried out on two hop sediments from two different technological stages of beer production: hot trub and spent hops. Chemical, microbiological, and biochemical analyses were performed in the composted hop sediments, as was the assessment of phytotoxicity to Lepidium sativum L. The tested feedstocks were partially inhabited by microorganisms and thus safe from an epidemiological point of view, and they were not a source of microbial contamination. Inhibitory properties for plant development were found for hot trub, which most likely result from the organic compound content. If it is only a small portion of its biomass, the mineral composition of hot trub does not exclude the possibility of its composting. Spent hops were characterized by a significant total nitrogen content, which affected the composting process. Composting this sediment required the selection of substrates with a widely C:N ratio.

scholarly journals Revealing the constituents of Egypt’s oldest beer using infrared and mass spectrometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Farag ◽  
Moamen M. Elmassry ◽  
Masahiro Baba ◽  
Renée Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Chemical Signatures ◽  
Chemical Determination ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
High Level ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Ancient Egyptians used malted wheat and barley as the main ingredients in beer brewing, but the chemical determination of the exact recipe is still lacking. To investigate the constituents of ancient beer, we conducted a detailed IR and GC-MS based metabolite analyses targeting volatile and non-volatile metabolites on the residues recovered from the interior of vats in what is currently the world’s oldest (c. 3600 BCE) installation for large-scale beer production located at the major pre-pharaonic political center at Hierakonpolis, Egypt. In addition to distinguishing the chemical signatures of various flavoring agents, such as dates, a significant result of our analysis is the finding, for the first time, of phosphoric acid in high level probably used as a preservative much like in modern beverages. This suggests that the early brewers had acquired the knowledge needed to efficiently produce and preserve large quantities of beer. This study provides the most detailed chemical profile of an ancient beer using modern spectrometric techniques and providing evidence for the likely starting materials used in beer brewing.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE-FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SILICA-COATED MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY

NANO ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 1450042 ◽  
Author(s):  
CONG-WANG ZHANG ◽  
CHANG-CHUN ZENG ◽  
YING XU
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Shell Structure ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Shell Nanoparticles ◽  
The Core ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Core Shell Structure ◽  
Core Shell Nanoparticles

Fe 3 O 4– SiO 2 core–shell structure nanoparticles containing magnetic properties were investigated for their potential use in drug delivery. The Fe 3 O 4– SiO 2 core–shell structure nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a simple and convenient way. The Fe 3 O 4– SiO 2 nanoparticles showed superparamagnetic behavior, indicating a great application potential in separation technologies. From the application point of view, the prepared nanoparticles were found to act as an efficient drug carrier. Specifically, the surface of the core–shell nanoparticles was modified with amino groups by use of silane coupling agent 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS). Doxorubicin (DOX) was successfully grafted to the surface of the core–shell nanoparticles after the decoration with the carboxyl acid groups on the surface of amino-modified core–shell structure nanoparticles. Moreover, the nanocomposite showed a good drug delivery performance in the DOX-loading efficiency and drug release experiments, confirming that the materials had a great application potential in drug delivery. It is envisioned that the prepared materials are the ideal agent for application in medical diagnosis and therapy.

Optimization of Wear Parameters Considering Specific Energy Equivalence during Two-body Abrasion of ‘EPDM’ Rubber

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Abhijit Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Epdm Rubber ◽  
Energy Equivalence ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Major Application ◽  
Noise Factors

AbstractWith several renewed and advanced researches in the recent past rubber, a viscoelastic material, emerges as a very suitable and important material for various engineering and other applications. EPDM rubber, one of the dominant elastomer, has a major application as seal in automobile doors, windows and other parts along with different other uses. Rubbers, in general have good abrasion resistance. But abrasion will lead to the impairment of the desired function of the components. Thus, the evaluation of abrasion, whatever small may be, is important.In the present work mere mass loss has not been considered as a measure of abrasion. On the contrary, an ideal function, specific energy has been modeled utilizing the concept of grinding operation. Abrasion has been interpreted in terms of specific energy. The modeled ideal function can be interpreted in two different ways. If abrasion, that is, mass loss is to be minimized then the specific energy of the material should have maximum value. Otherwise, from energy perspective, if the energy is to be minimized then more material must have to be removed in a single pass thus maximizing the mass loss. However, in the present work the objective is to understand the operating conditions which will give minimum loss of EPDM rubber when abrasion takes place. This theoretical study is a part of characterization of EPDM rubber from tribological point of view and primarily based on controlled laboratory experimentation conditions. It is need less to be mentioned that in real life applications the noise factors, as have been selected for the study, are beyond control in that sense and thus abrasion of EPDM can't be predicted through this model. However, in case of automated door and window locking system of automobiles, metros etc. this model will have some meaningful application potential.

scholarly journals From anaerobic to aerobic treatment: upcycling of digestate as a moisturizing agent for in-vessel composting process

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nour El Houda Chaher ◽  
Safwat Hemidat ◽  
Mehrez Chakchouk ◽  
Abdallah Nassour ◽  
Moktar Hamdi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Composting Process ◽  
Anaerobic Reactors ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Nitrification Index ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractIn Tunisia, there are crucial challenges facing both urban and rural areas, the most prominent of which are the production of organic waste, the need for waste treatment, the demand for water and energy and the need for a circular economy. To this end, the study was designed to develop a technical concept on closed cycle ‘biowaste to bioenergy’ treating, basically food waste (FW) through combined biological processes. In this approach, the generated digestate from FW anaerobic reactors was used successfully as a moisturizing agent for FW in-vessel composting. Four types of digestate were examined to be used as moisturizing agent (MA). The selection of the appropriate MA was achieved based on technical criteria; moisture content (MC), C:N ratio and heavy metals concentrations. The findings showed that the digestate obtained from anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and wheat straw (D1) was the most efficient AD-effluent to be added. In terms of composting process performance, the thermophilic phase of the amended reactor (A1) lasted 16 days and reached higher temperatures of about 72 °C, while the unamended one (A1) was characterized by a thermophilic temperature of around 66 °C indicating that the end products were of a pathogen-free compost. When it comes to the physico-chemical factors examined demonstrating that the biological conditions were sufficiently developed. The findings showed overall decreasing profiles during the composting period for moisture, C:N ratio as well as nitrification index (NI). From the quality-point of view, it was found that heavy metal concentrations had lower limits than those values set by German standards. Moreover, all the compost samples appeared to be stable and classified as class IV and V end product.

scholarly journals On some operations on soft topological spaces

Filomat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1693-1705
Author(s):  
Milan Matejdes
Keyword(s):  
Cartesian Product ◽  
Meaningful Use ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Topological Methods ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Set Valued Mappings ◽  
One To One

The aim of the article is to point out a one-to-one correspondence between soft topological spaces over a universe U with respect to a parameter set E and topological ones on the Cartesian product E x U. From this point of view, all soft topological terms, soft operations, soft functions and properties of soft topological spaces are actually topological concepts. Because the set valued mappings and set valued analysis have great application potential, it is necessary to look for their meaningful use with respect to standard topological methods and set valued analysis procedures.

scholarly journals Applied aspects of human geography. A critical approach to traditionalist views

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Valentin Mihaylov
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Research Orientations

Traditionally, applied aspects of human geography are mainly associated with economic geography, regional development and spatial planning.          In the debate on the application potential of the discipline, a number of important problems of social, political and cultural geography, relevant to various contemporary processes on a global and regional scale, are marginalized. For this reason, the author undertakes a critical rethinking of the current debate on the applied aspects of research in human geography.          A brief review of the conceptual and institutional development of applied geography in the world and in selected national schools is made. The author also distinguishes two research orientations: 1) strategic orientation – connected to studies carried out at the international, national and macro-regional spatial levels; 2) operational orientation – concerning applied studies undertook on a scale of separate municipalities, cities, neighbourhoods or even separate streets and buildings. Taking an attempt to overcome the narrow understandings of the frameworks of applied human geography, the author presents a new definition and tries to identify the main challenges for geographers that work in the field of Human Geography. Applied aspects of basic directions of human geography from the point of view of their broader interdisciplinary ties are also indicated.

Geometric Curve Design Method of Fuzzy Reliability Based on Random Processing Errors

2011 ◽  
Vol 199-200 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Zhi Su Zhao ◽  
Xing Hua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Fuzzy Reliability ◽  
Reliability Design ◽  
Curve Design ◽  
Processing Errors ◽  
The Impact

In order to foresee the influence of random processing errors on geometric curve in design stage, meanwhile including success and failure process during the gradual change process in the forecast. Based on probabilistic fuzzy reliability point of view, the success or failure determination will be extended to fuzzy events. The geometric curve deign method will be also given when taking the impact of random engineering error into account. Related analysis formulae and the fuzzy criterion of success or failure of designing the curve process are established and derived. Through which, design and engineering process are integrated, the designer will be more reliably to predict the success or failure of the geometric curve design during the design stage. The processing error of lack of statistical data and the objectivity of the success or failure determination criterion will be easily solved. Economy cost and reliability design of geometrical curve design will be also considered.

scholarly journals A mechanistic modelling and data assimilation approach to estimate the carbon/chlorophyll and carbon/nitrogen ratios in a coupled hydrodynamical-biological model

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Faugeras ◽  
O. Bernard ◽  
A. Sciandra ◽  
M. Lévy
Keyword(s):  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Total Production ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Nw Mediterranean ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. The principal objective of hydrodynamical-biological models is to provide estimates of the main carbon fluxes such as total and export oceanic production. These models are nitrogen based, that is to say that the variables are expressed in terms of their nitrogen content. Moreover models are calibrated using chlorophyll data sets. Therefore carbon to chlorophyll (C:Chl) and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios have to be assumed. This paper addresses the problem of the representation of these ratios. In a 1D framework at the DYFAMED station (NW Mediterranean Sea) we propose a model which enables the estimation of the basic biogeochemical fluxes and in which the spatio-temporal variability of the C:Chl and C:N ratios is fully represented in a mechanical way. This is achieved through the introduction of new state variables coming from the embedding of a phytoplankton growth model in a more classical Redfieldian NNPZD-DOM model (in which the C:N ratio is assumed to be a constant). Following this modelling step, the parameters of the model are estimated using the adjoint data assimilation method which enables the assimilation of chlorophyll and nitrate data sets collected at DYFAMED in 1997.Comparing the predictions of the new Mechanistic model with those of the classical Redfieldian NNPZD-DOM model which was calibrated with the same data sets, we find that both models reproduce the reference data in a comparable manner. Both fluxes and stocks can be equally well predicted by either model. However if the models are coinciding on an average basis, they are diverging from a variability prediction point of view. In the Mechanistic model biology adapts much faster to its environment giving rise to higher short term variations. Moreover the seasonal variability in total production differs from the Redfieldian NNPZD-DOM model to the Mechanistic model. In summer the Mechanistic model predicts higher production values in carbon unit than the Redfieldian NNPZD-DOM model. In winter the contrary holds.

scholarly journals By-Products in the Malting and Brewing Industries—Re-Usage Possibilities

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Karlović ◽  
Anita Jurić ◽  
Nevena Ćorić ◽  
Kristina Habschied ◽  
Vinko Krstanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Spent Hops ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
By Products

Beer production includes the formation of different by-products such as wastewater, spent grains, spent hops, and yeast. In addition to these well-known by-products, it is necessary to mention germ/rootlets, which also remain after the malting process. Given that a huge amount of beer is produced annually worldwide, by-products are available in large quantities throughout the year. Spent grains, spent hops, and spent yeasts are high-energy raw materials that possess a great potential for application in the branch of biotechnology, and the food industry, but these by-products are commonly used as livestock feed, disposed of in the fields, or incinerated. Breweries by-products can be utilized for microalgae production, biofuel production, extraction of proteins, polyphenolic, antioxidative substances, etc. This paper aims to address each of these by-products with an emphasis on their possible application in biotechnology and other industries.

scholarly journals The Influence of New and Artificial Aged Microplastic and Leachates on the Germination of Lepidium sativum L.

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Pflugmacher ◽  
Amalia Sulek ◽  
Hannah Mader ◽  
Jeongin Heo ◽  
Ji Hyeon Noh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Lepidium Sativum L

With the increase in environmental monitoring and assessing, we are gaining insight into the extent of microplastic pollution in our environment. The threat posed by microplastics to biota could come, e.g., from leached substances. As some plastic materials have been decaying in nature for extended periods already, the toxic effects of leaching compounds need to be investigated. It is furthermore essential to understand the adverse effects of new plastic and how these effects differ from the effects elicited by old plastic material. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of exposure to leachates from new and artificial aged polycarbonate as well as new and aged polycarbonate granules on various germination parameters of Lepidium sativum were studied. Germination, root, and shoot length, as well as the calculated germination rate index as a measure for germination speed, was negatively influenced in substrate-free and substrate containing exposures. From an ecological and agricultural point of view, this implies possible yield losses with less germinating seeds, slower plant germination speed, and smaller seedlings in general.

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