scholarly journals Transport Poverty in Chinese Cities: A Systematic Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4707
Author(s):  
Weichang Kong ◽  
Dorina Pojani ◽  
Neil Sipe ◽  
Dominic Stead
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Household Expenditures ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
System A ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Transport Inequality

The widening income gap in post-reform China has given rise to social inequality. Among those, transport poverty and inequality have significantly affected the daily life of low-income groups. While important, this is an under-researched topic in China. This gap in the academic literature is glaring given the country’s urbanization rates, sprawling cities and income differentials. Most previous studies have only focused on two aspects of transport poverty—job-housing imbalance and accessibility. A comprehensive understanding of the causes and impacts of transport inequality is currently lacking. Therefore, a systematic review of academic literature based on keywords relevant to transport poverty in China was conducted to provide a more complete assessment of the situation in Chinese cities. In total, 62 relevant studies were identified after close examination of the articles (including titles, abstracts, and full-texts). This set of articles allowed a number of general patterns to be identified. It was found that the most common causes of transport poverty include: a lack of access to private vehicles; uneven access to alternative transport options; inadequate public transport provision; jobs-housing imbalance; and the hukou system (a system of household registration which aims to regulate population distribution and rural-to-urban migration). The main impacts of transport poverty include: curtailed mobility and longer travel times; higher household expenditures on travel; reduced access to jobs and essential services; higher household expenditures on travel; and health and environmental issues.

The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes

1999 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 818-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kam Wing Chan ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Population Mobility ◽  
The West ◽  
Registration System ◽  
System A ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

Until recently, few people in mainland China would dispute the significance of the hukou (household registration) system in affecting their lives – indeed, in determining their fates. At the macro level, the centrality of this system has led some to argue that the industrialization strategy and the hukou system were the crucial organic parts of the Maoist model: the strategy could not have been implemented without the system. A number of China scholars in the West, notably Christiansen, Chan, Cheng and Seiden, Solinger, and Mallee, have begun in recent years to study this important subject in relation to population mobility and its social and economic ramifications. Unlike population registration systems in many other countries, the Chinese system was designed not merely to provide population statistics and identify personal status, but also directly to regulate population distribution and serve many other important objectives desired by the state. In fact, the hukou system is one of the major tools of social control employed by the state. Its functions go far beyond simply controlling population mobility.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

Women's rural-urban migration in Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sally N. Youssef
Keyword(s):  
Internal Migration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Migrant Women ◽  
Migration Studies ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Low Income Women ◽  
The Impact

Women’s sole internal migration has been mostly ignored in migration studies, and the concentration on migrant women has been almost exclusively on low-income women within the household framework. This study focuses on middleclass women’s contemporary rural-urban migration in Lebanon. It probes into the determinants and outcomes of women’s sole internal migration within the empowerment framework. The study delves into the interplay of the personal, social, and structural factors that determine the women’s rural-urban migration as well as its outcomes. It draws together the lived experiences of migrant women to explore the determinants of women’s internal migration as well as the impact of migration on their expanded empowerment.

scholarly journals Mosquito Vector Production across Socio-Economic Divides in Baton Rouge, Louisiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Rebeca de Jesús Crespo ◽  
Madison Harrison ◽  
Rachel Rogers ◽  
Randy Vaeth
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

We investigated the role of socio-economic factors in the proliferation of mosquito vectors in two adjacent but socio-economically contrasting neighborhoods in Baton Rouge, LA, USA. We surveyed mosquito larvae habitat, mosquito larvae, and adult mosquitoes during the summer of 2020. We also evaluated the number of requests for mosquito abatement services in the years preceding the study for each area. While we did not find differences in terms of the most abundant species, Culex quinquefasicatus (F1,30 = 0.329, p = 0.57), we did find a higher abundance of mosquito habitats, particularly discarded tires, as well as larvae (z = 13.83, p < 0.001) and adults (F1,30 = 4.207, p = 0.049) of the species Aedes albopictus in the low-income neighborhood. In contrast, mosquito abatement requests were significantly higher in the high socio-economic neighborhood (z = −8.561, p < 0.001). This study shows how factors such as adjudicated properties, discarded tires and pest abatement requests can influence the abundance of mosquito vectors, disproportionately affecting low-income groups. This study also highlights how Aedes spp. may be better indicators than Culex spp. of socio-economic differences between nearby neighborhoods, due to their short flight range and habitat preferences, and this should be considered in future studies attempting to detect such disparities in the future.

scholarly journals Spatial Accessibility to Local Public Services in an Unequal Place: An Analysis from Patterns of Residential Segregation in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Yasna Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Local Public Services ◽  
Low Income Groups

The study of the relationship between the provision of local public services and residential segregation is critical when it might be the social manifestation of spatial income inequality. This paper analyzes how the spatial accessibility to local public services is distributed equitably among different social and economic groups in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MR), Chile. To accomplish this objective, I use accessibility measures to local public services such as transportation, public education, healthcare, kindergartens, parks, fire and police stations, cultural infrastructure, and information about housing prices and exempted housing units from local taxes by block, as well as quantile regressions and bivariate Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). The main results confirm the accessibility to local public services is unequally distributed among residents. However, it affects more low-income groups who are suffering from significant deficits in the provision of local public services. In this scenario, poor residents face a double disadvantage due to their social exclusion from urban systems and their limited access to essential services such as education, healthcare, or transportation. In particular, I found that social residential segregation might be reinforced by insufficient access to local infrastructure that the most impoverished population should assume.

Near-Drowning

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Debra H. Fiser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western United States ◽  
King County ◽  
Near Drowning ◽  
Time Period ◽  
States Data ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Definition Drowning is defined as death caused by submersion, whereas near-drowning connotes survival for some time period following submersion. The following remarks pertain to the near-drowning victim who presents for acute medical management. Epidemiology Because reporting of near-drowning incidents is incomplete, most of the available epidemiologic information focuses on drowning deaths, which number more than 6500 per year in the United States. Data from King County, Washington, however, suggest that near-drownings slightly out-number drownings. Drowning rates are highest for children under the age of 5 years and between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Males drown 4 times more frequently than females. African-Americans and low-income groups also are affected disproportionately, except for those drownings involving boats and residential swimming pools, which more often are owned by middle class groups. Drownings peak during the summer months and are most common in the southern and western United States and Alaska. Forty to 45% of all drownings occur while the victim is swimming and 12% to 29% are boat-related. Alcohol plays a substantial role in these deaths. Between one half and three quarters of all drownings occur in lakes, ponds, rivers, and the ocean. More than 40% of all submersions in these bodies of water involve older adolescents or young adults.

New Trends in Interaction of Developed and Developing Countries in Innovation Sphere

2012 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
A. Eroshkin ◽  
M. Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Adaptive Nature

The economic and innovative rise of the developing states stimulated a deep restructuring of the existing system of international relations in science and technology sphere. As the article points, one of the main manifestations of this trend can be seen in the transformation of global innovation strategies of transnational corporations. The world’s largest TNCs, mostly based in the industrial nations, have begun to transfer growing segments and parts of their R&D programs to the developing countries in order to take advantage of their increased research capacity. As a result, the nature of the projects being implemented there by the TNCs is changing. Historically, the TNCs’ local R&D activities were of adaptive nature. Namely, the stress was made on modification of the products and services offered by the TNCS globally to the specifics of local markets. Currently, a growing number of transnational corporations are implementing the large-scale programs in the developing countries aimed at designing new types of products, including those targeted at the low-income groups of consumers that make up the bulk of the population in developing countries.

Illicit cigarette trade in Metropolitan Santiago de Chile

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Paraje ◽  
Daniel Araya ◽  
Jeffrey Drope
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Smoking Intensity ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
Quota Sampling

ObjectiveTo estimate with a rigorous statistical methodology and independent from the tobacco industry the prevalence and consumption of illicit cigarettes in Metropolitan Santiago de Chile, in addition to identifying the variables statistically associated with choosing to smoke illicit cigarettes.MethodsSurveys of 851 smokers who reside in the Metropolitan Santiago were collected using a sampling design that combined a randomisation of high-traffic points and a quota sampling to approximate the smoking population. Photographs of packs along with questions on where they were bought were used to define whether cigarettes were licit or illicit. After this identification, the statistical association between the decision to smoke illicit cigarettes and sociodemographic variables and smoking habits was estimated using probit models.ResultsThe proportion of smokers smoking illicit cigarettes in Metropolitan Santiago was 10.9%. Adjusted by smoking intensity, 16.3% of cigarettes smoked in a month were illicit. Models show that the probability of smoking illicit cigarettes is inversely associated with employment status (ie, employed/inactive/unemployed), and smokers with lower levels of education are more likely to smoke illicit cigarettes. Though smokers’ incomes are not directly measured, both employment status and educational levels are indicative that illicit cigarette consumption is more prevalent among low-income groups.ConclusionsThe proportion of smokers consuming illicit cigarettes estimated in this research is less than half of the widely publicised claims of the tobacco industry. Furthermore, past and present pricing strategies by the tobacco industry indicate that, contrary to public statements, the tobacco industry is not concerned by illicit trade.

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