scholarly journals Are Large Carnivores the Real Issue? Solutions for Improving Conflict Management through Stakeholder Participation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4482
Author(s):  
Valeria Salvatori ◽  
Estelle Balian ◽  
Juan Carlos Blanco ◽  
Xavier Carbonell ◽  
Paolo Ciucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Species Expansion ◽  
General Scope

Social conflicts around large carnivores are increasing in Europe, often associated to the species expansion into human-modified and agricultural landscapes. Large carnivores can be seen as an added value by some but as a source of difficulties by others, depending on different values, attitudes, livelihoods, and everyday activities. Therefore, the effective involvement of the different interest groups is important to identify and shape tailored solutions that can potentially be implemented, complementing top-down approaches that might, on their own, result in lack of implementation and buy-in. To improve dialogue in conflictual situations, as part of a European project promoted by the European Parliament, we assessed the practical implementation of participatory processes in three sample areas in Europe where wolves and bears have recently been increasingly impacting human activities. Our results demonstrate that collaboration among different and generally contrasting groups is possible. Even in situations where large-carnivore impacts were seen as unsatisfactorily managed for many years, people were still willing and eager to be involved in alternative discussion processes hoping this would lead to concrete solutions. An important and common highlight among the three study areas was that all the management interventions agreed upon shared the general scope of improving the conditions of the groups most impacted by large carnivores. The process showed the importance of building trust and supporting dialogue for knowledge co-production and mitigation of conflicts between stakeholders and that controversial environmental issues have the potential to trigger a meaningful dialogue about broader societal issues. The direct involvement and support of competent authorities, as well as the upscaling of this process at larger administrative and social scales, remain important challenges.

scholarly journals Evaluating how lethal management affects poaching of Mexican wolves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Louchouarn ◽  
Francisco J. Santiago-Ávila ◽  
David R. Parsons ◽  
Adrian Treves
Keyword(s):  
Canis Lupus ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Lethal Management ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Canis Lupus Baileyi ◽  
Illegal Killing

AbstractDespite illegal killing (poaching) being the major cause of death among large carnivores globally, little is known about the effect of implementing lethal management policies on poaching. Two opposing hypotheses have been proposed in the literature: implementing lethal management may decrease poaching incidence (‘killing for tolerance’) or increase it (‘facilitated illegal killing’). Here, we report a test of the two opposed hypotheses that poaching (reported and unreported) of Mexican grey wolves (Canis lupus baileyi) in Arizona and New Mexico, USA, responded to changes in policy that reduced protections to allow more wolf-killing. We employ advanced biostatistical survival and competing-risk methods to data on individual resightings, mortality and disappearances of collared Mexican wolves, supplemented with Bayes Factors to assess strength of evidence. We find inconclusive evidence for any decreases in reported poaching. We also find strong evidence that Mexican wolves were 121% more likely to disappear during periods of reduced protections than during periods of stricter protections, with only slight changes in legal removals by the agency. Therefore, we find strong support for the ‘facilitated illegal killing’ hypothesis and none for the ‘killing for tolerance’ hypothesis. We provide recommendations for improving the effectiveness of US policy on environmental crimes, endangered species, and protections for wild animals. Our results have implications beyond the USA or wolves because the results suggest transformations of decades-old management interventions against human-caused mortality among wild animals subject to high rates of poaching.

scholarly journals Farmland biodiversity: wildflower-sown islands within arable fields and grassy field margins both promote spider diversity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Rischen ◽  
Katharina Geisbüsch ◽  
Daniel Ruppert ◽  
Klaus Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Conservation Value ◽  
Field Margins ◽  
Farmland Biodiversity ◽  
Power Pole

Abstract Agricultural intensification and the concomitant landscape homogenization is leading to a worldwide decline in farmland biodiversity. Non-crop habitats in agroecosystems may counteract the loss of arthropods such as spiders and thus contribute to sustainable agriculture. However, the effectiveness of field margins and set-aside wildflower-sown patches in maintaining spider diversity is not well understood. Here, we investigated the effects of three different non-crop habitats, namely field margins, set-aside wildflower-sown patches under power poles (‘power pole islands’), and grassland fallows on spider diversity as compared to wheat fields in an agricultural landscape in western Germany. Using pitfall trapping and suction sampling, we show that species richness and overall conservation value were higher in non-crop habitats than in wheat fields. Interestingly, field margins and power pole islands differed from long-term grassland fallows only in conservation value, which was significantly higher in grassland fallows. Species assemblages differed considerably between grassland fallows, field margins and power pole islands, and wheat fields, documenting the added value of using different conservation strategies. Implications for insect conservation Small-scale non-crop habitats adjacent to wheat fields were surprisingly effective in promoting spider diversity in an agricultural landscape, with field margins and power pole islands being equally effective. To maximize overall diversity in agricultural landscapes, we propose a combination of larger long-term fallows and smaller non-crop habitats such as field margins or set-aside wildflower-sown patches.

scholarly journals Implementing One Health approaches to confront emerging and re-emerging zoonotic disease threats: lessons from PREDICT

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terra R. Kelly ◽  
◽  
Catherine Machalaba ◽  
William B. Karesh ◽  
Paulina Zielinska Crook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
The One

AbstractRecurring outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses, such as Ebola virus disease, avian influenza, and Nipah virus, serve as a reminder that the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected and that early response to emerging zoonotic pathogens requires a coordinated, interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral approach. As our world becomes increasingly connected, emerging diseases pose a greater threat, requiring coordination at local, regional, and global levels. One Health is a multisectoral, transdisciplinary, and collaborative approach promoted to more effectively address these complex health threats. Despite strong advocacy for One Health, challenges for practical implementation remain. Here we discuss the value of the One Health approach for addressing global health challenges. We also share strategies applied to achieve successful outcomes through the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats Program PREDICT project, which serve as useful case studies for implementing One Health approaches. Lastly, we explore methods for promoting more formal One Health implementation to capitalize on the added value of shared knowledge and leveraged resources.

scholarly journals Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1794) ◽  
pp. 20190104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadvinder Malhi ◽  
Janet Franklin ◽  
Nathalie Seddon ◽  
Martin Solan ◽  
Monica G. Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
First Century ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Twenty First Century

The rapid anthropogenic climate change that is being experienced in the early twenty-first century is intimately entwined with the health and functioning of the biosphere. Climate change is impacting ecosystems through changes in mean conditions and in climate variability, coupled with other associated changes such as increased ocean acidification and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. It also interacts with other pressures on ecosystems, including degradation, defaunation and fragmentation. There is a need to understand the ecological dynamics of these climate impacts, to identify hotspots of vulnerability and resilience and to identify management interventions that may assist biosphere resilience to climate change. At the same time, ecosystems can also assist in the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change. The mechanisms, potential and limits of such nature-based solutions to climate change need to be explored and quantified. This paper introduces a thematic issue dedicated to the interaction between climate change and the biosphere. It explores novel perspectives on how ecosystems respond to climate change, how ecosystem resilience can be enhanced and how ecosystems can assist in addressing the challenge of a changing climate. It draws on a Royal Society-National Academy of Sciences Forum held in Washington DC in November 2018, where these themes and issues were discussed. We conclude by identifying some priorities for academic research and practical implementation, in order to maximize the potential for maintaining a diverse, resilient and well-functioning biosphere under the challenging conditions of the twenty-first century. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions’.

scholarly journals Is breeding of farmland wading birds depressed by a combination of predator abundance and grazing?

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R van der Wal ◽  
S.C.F Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Farmland Birds ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Avian Predators ◽  
Predator Abundance

Agri-environment schemes have been implemented across Europe to counter biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes and halt the continual decline of farmland birds, including waders. Such schemes provide financial compensation for changes in agricultural practice, including livestock grazing regimes. Scheme uptake has been variable, partly because farmers believe that other factors, notably predation, are key to wader population declines. On the basis of wader breeding surveys across Shetland, UK, we show that predator density and livestock grazing, through reducing sward height, interact to influence territoriality and thereby are likely to affect wader breeding success. Our results appear to reflect views of both farmers and government agencies, which indicates that future agri-environment schemes would benefit from genuine stakeholder participation to maximize scheme uptake, implementation and beneficial effects on biodiversity. Our findings also imply that agri-environment schemes will reap the greatest benefits for waders through reducing stocking rate where avian predators are abundant.

scholarly journals Hverdagsrehabilitering - integrert eller spesialisert?

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvid Karl Birkeland ◽  
Eva Langeland ◽  
Hanne Tuntland ◽  
Frode F. Jacobsen ◽  
Oddvar Førland
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Health Professions ◽  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Evaluation Project

This study was part of a major evaluation project with focus on various models for and effects of reablement. The aim was to get an extended understanding of how Norwegian municipalities organize and conduct reablement. Seven focus group interviews were conducted in seven municipalities including a total of 33 participants representing different health professions. The interviews were transcribed, and a hermeneutical approach was used in the analyses. Four main themes were derived: "The team as an organizational and professional center", "Collaboration around assessment of applications”, "Different understanding of rehabilitation affected the organization", and "Goal – oriented and intensive training in everyday activities". The focus group interviews revealed different strength and weaknesses with specialized or integrated organization of reablement, but nevertheless they emphasized the importance of having interdisciplinary teams that can coordinate and participate in the practical implementation. However, more research is necessary to get more knowledge about organization of reablement.Keywords/Nøkkelordreablement; organizing; team; specialized; integrated; home care serviceshverdagsrehabilitering; organisering; team; spesialisert; integrert; hjemmetjenesten

scholarly journals Problems of functioning and directions of agro-food chains development in the conditions of turbulence strengthening

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
O.O. Varchenko
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Stage Of Development

The article substantiates scientic and methodological approaches and principles of distribution, formation, effectiveness, effciency of functioning and development of agri-food chains. It is determined that agro-food chains have acquired the most significant economic and social importance for the inclusion of small producers in the processes of practical production cooperation, which prompted the requirements related to the specifics of the technology of production of finished food products. The main factors that provoke the emergence of extremely contradictory and diverse phenomena in the development of agri-food chains include: globalization of international relations, intensification of turbulent phenomena and processes in the world economy, the entry of advanced countries to new economic frontiers. For the current stage of development of the national economy, the practical implementation of one of the key objectives of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union was of paramount importance. For the purpose of periodic audit of HACCP-certified food processing enterprises, the specified structure of business entities that ensure the production of finished food and other products is highlighted. These calculations show that in 2018 in Ukraine the producers of agricultural raw materials were 49550 farms/enterprises and 23822 natural personsentrepreneurs who are oficially registered and represent the primary link in the food chain. The next link in the agri-food chain are processors of raw materials of primary production, which in Ukraine in 2018 were 5872 enterprises and 10845 individual entrepreneurs, of which 157 enterprises and 1016 sole proprietors produce non-food products. The analysis allows us to conclude that now the producers of food raw materials have the following situation: a) Àexible or simplified permanent procedures, certified (or tested) their facilities for compliance with the minimum requirements of basic programs; b) the second part, mainly FOPs and PF, continue to operate traditionally, ie without paying special attention to the time requirements for the implementation of systematic security procedures. It is established that in practice, some producers of food raw materials, with different levels of tightness, depth of processing and value creation, are already included in agri-food chains. Taking into account the objectively existing tendencies of spontaneous, at the initial stage mainly seasonal occurrence, and further deepening and strengthening of interrelations between actors, the hierarchy of formation and sustainable development of food chains is offered. Key words: agro-food chains, economic turbulence, agricultural raw materials, personal farms, processing and food enterprises, sustainable development, added value.

scholarly journals Barriers to using of Quintuple Helix model to create innovations in Polish regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (146) ◽  
pp. 233-251
Author(s):  
Irena ŁĄCKA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Management Board ◽  
Quintuple Helix ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Contemporary Development

Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to present and discuss the assumptions of the model and indicate whether the regional innovativeness can be improved with the help of multi-branch co-operation oriented so as to form new solutions to contemporary development problems. An additional purpose of the paper is to indicate barriers that hinder the application of this form of co-operation in Polish regions. Design/methodology/approach: The paper has theoretical and reviewing nature. It was drawn up based on an analysis of the literature on the topic and the results of foreign authors’ research along with the information obtained from practicians (management board members of the cluster active in the West Pomeranian region). Findings: Quintuple Helix model is a concept which explains the principles and effects of co-operation for the improvement of regional innovativeness and development in the conditions of the natural environment challenges and sustainable development. This co-operation is built between regional partners of innovative processes. The experience of highly developed countries shows that such organized cooperation is effective. In Poland, this concept is very rarely used, and its implementation encounters significant barriers. Practical implications: The presented considerations are important for entities of regional innovative networks. They will gain knowledge of the Quintuple Helix concept in the light of the challenges of the modern world (economic, ecological, demographic, cultural and others). In addition, they learn the essence and scope of barriers to introducing effective innovative cooperation. This will allow them to reduce barriers. In the future, new solutions to problems of the development of society and economy will appear in Polish regions faster. Originality/value: The added value of the article is the presentation of the Quintuple Helix model as a tool to solve sustainable development problems in the region. This concept is not widely known in Poland, nor used in the mesoscale. This is due to the lack of interdisciplinary research on this issue and very strong barriers to such cooperation. They are found in all elements of this model. Its practical implementation requires their removal. In the article, the author diagnosed and described them.

Getting trees on farms the easy way? Lessons from a model of eucalypt regeneration on pastures

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Vesk ◽  
Josh W. Dorrough
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Seed Supply ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Early Seedling

Substantial revegetation is required across much of Australian agricultural landscapes. Managers need to minimise the risks of failure and costs associated with revegetation. Whereas ‘natural regeneration’ of eucalypts is relatively cheap compared with direct seeding or planting tubes, natural regeneration in grazed lands occurs infrequently and under limited circumstances. Management needs to understand the situations in which natural regeneration is most likely to occur and what actions can improve the chances of regeneration. We used a rule- and stage-based model of eucalypt regeneration focusing on events between seed supply and sapling escape to synthesise current knowledge and learn how to improve the success rate of natural regeneration of eucalypts. The model used deterministic rules but with stochastic rainfall, and fire was applied stochastically as well as deterministically. Results from simulations suggested that low-productivity pastures have greater likelihood of supporting saplings than do high-productivity pastures. Fire and grazing can increase the chances of subsequent germination and early seedling survival, particularly in high-productivity pastures. As a result, management actions, such as fire and strategic grazing, can improve the probability of sapling establishment in a high-productivity pasture; however, frequency and timing of management actions are important. The following three sources of uncertainty appear crucial: first, variability in rainfall; second, uncertainty about rainfall effects on stage transitions; and third, variability in seed supply. These uncertainties can overwhelm improvements to the chances of regeneration owing to management interventions. Because rainfall and seed supply have overwhelming effects on the process of regeneration, they limit the ability of managers to influence the outcomes and this makes investment in natural regeneration inherently risky. Thus, better data are needed on the effect of rainfall on stage transitions and on spatial and temporal variation in seed supply. This would aid managers to estimate the likelihood of success of regeneration, and make decisions about if, when and where to invest in natural regeneration and what actions to implement.

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