scholarly journals Central Banks’ Monetary Policy in the Face of the COVID-19 Economic Crisis: Monetary Stimulus and the Emergence of CBDCs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4242
Author(s):  
Miguel Ángel Echarte Echarte Fernández ◽  
Sergio Luis Náñez Náñez Alonso ◽  
Javier Jorge-Vázquez ◽  
Ricardo Francisco Reier Reier Forradellas
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rate Environment

This article analyzes the monetary policy of major central banks during the economic crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Rising public debt in many countries is being financed through asset purchases by monetary authorities. Although these stimulus policies predate the pandemic, they have been significantly boosted as many governments face large financing needs. We have been in a low interest rate environment for years and some governments have issued debt securities at negative rates. In addition, the rise of decentralized cryptocurrencies, based on blockchain technology, has created greater competition in the international monetary system and many governments have considered the creation of centralized virtual currencies, known as central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). We will analyze some relevant cases, with an emphasis on the digital euro project. The methodology is based on the analysis of the evolution of monetary variables. Pearson’s correlation will be used to establish some relationships between them. There is a strong similarity in the expansionary monetary policies of central banks. Although the growth of the money supply has not been passed on to the CPI, it has been passed on to the financial markets and the price of assets such as Bitcoin or gold.

scholarly journals The Limitations of Foreign-Exchange Intervention: Lessons from Switzerland

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen F. Humpage
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Foreign Exchange Intervention ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
National Bank

Since the mid-1990s, monetary authorities in most large developed countries have backed away from foreign-exchange intervention—buying and selling foreign currencies to influence exchange rates. Switzerland's recent experience goes a long way to illustrate why: Foreign-exchange intervention did not afford the Swiss National Bank with a means of systematically affecting the franc independent of Swiss monetary policy, and it left the Bank exposed to foreign-exchange losses. To affect exchange rates, central banks must change their monetary policies.

scholarly journals Unconventional monetary policy of the European Central Bank: A brief recapitulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Ilona Skibińska-Fabrowska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
European Central Bank ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Unconventional Monetary Policy ◽  
European Central ◽  
National Bank

<p>The financial and economic crisis that has hit many economies in recent years has significantly increased the activity of central banks. After using the standard instruments of conducting monetary policy, in view of the obstruction of monetary impulse transmission channels, they reached for non-standard instruments. Among them, asset purchase programs played a signifciant role. The European Central Bank (ECB) launched the largest asset purchase programme (APP) of this type in 2014 and expired in December 2018. The aim of the undertaken activities was to improve the situation on the financial market and stimulate economic growth. The article reviews the literature and results of research on the effects of the program and indicates the possibility of using the ECB’s experience in conducting monetary policy by the National Bank of Poland.</p>

Lässt sich die Geldschöpfung der Geschäftsbanken noch kontrollieren? – Geldpolitik seit der jüngsten Finanzkrise 2007/2008

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-63
Author(s):  
Mathias Binswanger
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
Money Creation ◽  
Recent Financial Crisis

Zusammenfassung: Als Folge der jüngsten Finanzkrise ist der Einfluss der Zentralbanken auf die Geldschöpfung weitgehend verloren gegangen. Denn die Kontrolle über Reserven funktioniert nur solange, wie diese knapp sind und deren Bezug an bestimmte Bedingungen geknüpft werden kann. Seither halten die Geschäftsbanken in den ökonomisch wichtigsten Ländern de facto dermaßen viele Reserven, dass sie nicht mehr auf die jeweilige Zentralbank angewiesen sind. Diese Entwicklung lässt sich sowohl für die FED als auch für die EZB aufzeigen. Dies führt zu geldpolitisch neuen Herausforderungen, die bisher kaum beachtet wurden. Die Einflussmöglichkeit der Zentralbanken auf den Geldschöpfungsprozess der Geschäftsbanken wurde noch nie in so großem Stil ausgehebelt. Deshalb müssen Zentralbanken in Zukunft ihr Repertoire an geldpolitischen Massnahmen erweitern. Nur mit dem Drehen an der Zinsschraube wird man den Geldschöpfungsprozess in Zukunft kaum mehr in gewünschter Weise beeinflussen können. Summary: As a result of the recent financial crisis, the influence of central banks on money creation has largely disappeared. Controlling this process only works as long as money creation of commercial banks also leads to a need for additional reserves from the central bank. However, the large asset purchase programs of monetary authorities after the financial crises resulted in an enormous increase in reserves at commercial banks. Therefore, commercial banks have enough reserves to create additional money at large amounts and do not depend on central banks any more. This development is indicative for both the FED and the ECB. Therefore central banks face the challenge how they can restore their influence on the process of money creation. Just lowering or increasing interest rates, which was the major way of conducting monetary policy in the past, will not work anymore in the future.

scholarly journals Comparison of effects of expansionary monetary policy in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Boris Fisera ◽  
Jana Kotlebova
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Open Economies ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Developments

The ongoing process of globalization has affected the way the monetary policy is conducted – and this is especially the case of small open economies, where the economic developments are heavily affected by the developments abroad. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of unconventional monetary policy in two very open economies – Slovakia and the Czech Republic in the post-crisis era – the two rather similar very open economies. We assess the effects of their monetary policies by estimating their impact on the banking sector in both countries. We employ two cointegrating estimators – DOLS and FMOLS, so that we can assess the dynamics of the relationship between the developments of main balance sheet items of the respective central banks and the aggregate bank lending to various sectors of the economy. We do find evidence that unconventional policies of both central banks did lift bank lending – with the effect being stronger in Slovakia and for the QE policies. In both countries, the effect was more pronounced for the bank lending to household sector – specifically on housing related loans. Finally, we do not find evidence that the increasing openness of these two already very open economies affected the transmission of monetary policies into the banking sector.

scholarly journals Conducting Monetary Policy in South Asian Economies: An Investigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Arshad Khan ◽  
Ather Maqsood Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
Asian Economies ◽  
Exchange Rate Movements

Monetary policy which until recently aimed at targeting monetary aggregates has quietly given way to adjusting interest rates. Most of the Central Banks now focus on money reaction function that directly targets inflation or price level. This paper examines the way monetary policy is being conducted in the four major South Asian economies, namely, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The analysis is based on a variant of the Taylor rule framework. Using quarterly data over the period 1990Q1 to 2012Q4, the study finds that the monetary authorities in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have accommodated some degree of inflationary pressure, whereas Bangladesh has continuously smoothened interest rate while setting its monetary policy. Besides pursuing a mild monetary policy stance against inflation, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are also giving importance to foreign interest rate and real exchange rate movements to justify their relevance in monetary policy setting. However, the same has not been found to be true for Bangladesh. JEL Classification: E52, E58, E60 Keywords: Monetary Policy Rule, Central Banks, SAARC Countries

scholarly journals The Implementation Model of a Consensual Refnancing Rate for the BRICS Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-78
Author(s):  
М. V. Zharikov
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Lender Of Last Resort ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Implementation Model ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Growth Limits ◽  
National Economies

The relevance of the research subject is due to the fact that countries look for adaptive approaches to the turbulence of the international monetary system (IMS). The approaches of the BRICS countries to the IMS transformation have been fully studied in the economic literature. However, there are no researches on foundation of an advanced central bank as an alternative supranational monetary institution in the new international fnancial architecture. The article objective is to develop a mechanism for setting up the refnancing rate for the BRICS countries in case of the integration hypothesis the currency union, and the lender of last resort and the general unit of accounts. A liberal pricing method has been used to create the model. There is a hypothesis that the refnancing rate should be set at a higher level than that of the People’s Bank of China’s and lower than that of Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa’s, since it has comparative advantages in crediting. The mechanism of the consensual rate of the BRICS countries is based on the assumption that the amount of money in circulation may vary by an amount that does not cause negative consequences for national economies. The fundamental difference between the results of this study is in optimization of the credit resources flow, which implies their distribution within certain limits and in several stages. The main provisions indicate that the optimal rate may provide a background for the coordination of monetary policies in the BRICS countries within the Central bank. The practical relevance of the model is that it can be used to establish the refnancing rate in the BRICS countries. The model suggests that the optimal crediting value in the BRICS countries should ft the GDP growth limits. To conclude, the optimal refnancing rate is a key issue in forming a monetary union and a common currency in the BRICS countries.

scholarly journals MONETARY POLICY RULES IN MALAYSIA, SINGAPORE AND THAILAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-596
Author(s):  
Chai-Thing Tan ◽  
Azali Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Taylor Rule ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Policy Rules ◽  
Monetary Policy Rules ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Monetary Policy Reaction Function

This paper investigates whether monetary policies in Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore are best represented by either the Taylor rule or the augmented Taylor rule. It finds that the augmented Taylor rule, which incorporates the exchange rate and government spending, best represents monetary policies in these countries. The results show that past inflation and the output gap play a role in the monetary policy reaction function in Malaysia and Thailand. The results further show a strong preference towards interest rate smoothing, government spending, and the exchange rate by the central banks.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF UNCONVENTIONAL MONETARY POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN MITIGATION OF THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE COVID 19 VIRUS PANDEMIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Marina Đorđević ◽  
Jadranka Đurović Todorović ◽  
Milica Ristić Cakić
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Quantitative Easing ◽  
Unconventional Monetary Policy ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Theoretical Overview

Unconventional monetary policy instruments are used in conditions when monetary policy has exhausted all the usual measures and instruments that are otherwise applied by the central bank in the regular process of conducting monetary policy. The most commonly used instruments are, of course, quantitative easing or quantitative alleviation.The aim of this paper is to point out the application of unconventional monetary policy instruments during the economic crisis caused by the COVID 19 virus pandemic in the most important banks in the world. After a theoretical overview of the concept of quantitative easing, the paper presents the empirical experiences of the Bank of Japan, the Fed, the ECB, and other central banks. Based on the analysis of applied measures and data on the use of quantitative facilities in selected central banks, it can be concluded that they resorted to the use of this instrument in times of crisis to a greater or lesser intensity. Also, the increased liquidity caused by their implementation had a significant impact on aggregate demand, inflation and GDP. This analysis can be useful to the monetary authorities in Serbia if they are to review the application of QE in the leading monetary institutions and help them to draw the conclusions that would lead to the most painless application of this instrument in the Republic of Serbia.

Global Spillovers in a Low Interest Rate Environment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushant Acharya ◽  
Paolo Pesenti
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
International Spillovers ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Rate Environment

Global policy spillovers can be defined as the effect of policy changes in one country on economic outcomes in other countries. The literature has mainly focused on monetary policy interdependencies and has identified three channels through which policy spillovers can materialize. The first is the expenditure-shifting channel—a monetary expansion in one country depreciates its currency, making its goods cheaper relative to those in other countries and shifting global demand toward domestic tradable goods. The second is the expenditure-changing channel—expansionary monetary policy in one country raises both domestic and foreign expenditure. The third is the financial spillovers channel—expansionary monetary policy in one country eases financial conditions in other economies. The literature generally finds that the net transmission effect is positive but small. However, estimated spillovers vary widely across countries and over time. In the aftermath of the Great Recession, the policy debate has devoted special attention to the possibility that the magnitude and sign of international spillovers might have changed in an environment of low interest rates worldwide, as the expenditure-shifting channel becomes more relevant when the effective lower bound reduces the effectiveness of conventional monetary policies.

scholarly journals State's countercyclic fiscal and monetary policy in the field of macroeconomic regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 13-40
Author(s):  
Edward M. Sandoyan ◽  
◽  
Mariam H. Voskanyan ◽  
Ani H. Galstyan ◽  
Gagik A. Grigoryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fiscal And Monetary Policy

The problem of countercyclical fiscal and monetary regulation has become very ur- gent in the last two decades. This article is devoted to the analysis and assessment of countercyclical fiscal and monetary policy from the point of view of the fundamental basis, as well as its practical application. The subject of this research is countercycli- cal fiscal and monetary policy from the point of view of its effectiveness in the con- text of the economic crisis. The methodological basis of the study is an overview of theoretical and practical models of countercyclical fiscal and monetary policy known in the scientific literature. The key objective of the study was to attempt to identify and evaluate countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies from the point of view of theory and practice. The result of the study was the conclusion that in a crisis, coun- tercyclical fiscal and monetary policy leads to ambiguous results, but on the whole, it is the most optimal for leveling the consequences of the crisis.

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