scholarly journals Theoretical Comparison of the Effects of Different Traffic Conditions on Urban Road Environmental External Costs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3541
Author(s):  
Mohammad Maghrour Zefreh ◽  
Adam Torok
Keyword(s):  
Flow Condition ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Saturated Flow ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Accelerated Flow

External costs that are associated with air pollution, climate change linked to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), and noise are among the most important environmental externalities that are generated by road transport, which have been well monetized. This paper theoretically investigates the effects of different traffic conditions on the environmental external costs of urban roads where traffic flow is more complicated than un-interrupted traffic flows. A Monte Carlo method is used to theoretically simulate traffic speed in different traffic conditions. Subsequently, the emitted carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and noise were estimated in each of the theoretically simulated traffic conditions. Finally, the environmental external costs in each traffic condition were calculated taking the EU average costs values into account. The results showed that, when compared to free-flow condition, the total air pollutant and GHG external costs (€2010) have been increased by 6%, 31%, 44%, 50%, and 93% in under-saturated flow, accelerated flow, decelerated flow, congestion, and over-saturated congestion, respectively. Furthermore, the total noise cost (€2010/year/person exposed), as compared to free-flow condition, has been decreased by 2%, 11%, 12%, 36%, and 69% in accelerated flow, under-saturated flow, congestion, over-saturated congestion, and decelerated flow, respectively.

Calibration 7" – Cutthroat Flume as New Size for Discharge Measurement at Free Flow Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1783-1789
Author(s):  
Jaafar S. Matooq ◽  
Muna J. Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Flow Condition ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Steady State Flow ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
State Flow ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Throat Width

 This paper aims to conduct a series of laboratory experiments in case of steady-state flow for the new size 7 ̋ throat width (not presented before) of the cutthroat flume. For this size, five different lengths were adopted 0.535, 0.46, 0.40, 0.325 and 0.27m these lengths were adopted based on the limitations of the available flume. The experimental program has been followed to investigate the hydraulic characteristic and introducing the calibrated formula for free flow application within the discharge ranged between 0.006 and 0.025 m3/s. The calibration result showed that, under suitable operation conditions, the suggested empirical formulas can accurately predict the values of discharge within an error ± 3%.

scholarly journals Monitoring compliance with sulfur content regulations of shipping fuel by in situ measurements of ship emissions

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 10087-10092 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kattner ◽  
B. Mathieu-Üffing ◽  
J. P. Burrows ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
S. Schmolke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Gas Measurements ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. In 1997 the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) adopted MARPOL Annex VI to prevent air pollution by shipping emissions. It regulates, among other issues, the sulfur content in shipping fuels, which is transformed into the air pollutant sulfur dioxide (SO2) during combustion. Within designated Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA), the sulfur content was limited to 1 %, and on 1 January 2015, this limit was further reduced to 0.1 %. Here we present the set-up and measurement results of a permanent ship emission monitoring site near Hamburg harbour in the North Sea SECA. Trace gas measurements are conducted with in situ instruments and a data set from September 2014 to January 2015 is presented. By combining measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and SO2 with ship position data, it is possible to deduce the sulfur fuel content of individual ships passing the measurement station, thus facilitating the monitoring of compliance of ships with the IMO regulations. While compliance is almost 100 % for the 2014 data, it decreases only very little in 2015 to 95.4 % despite the much stricter limit. We analysed more than 1400 ship plumes in total and for months with favourable conditions, up to 40 % of all ships entering and leaving Hamburg harbour could be checked for their sulfur fuel content.

scholarly journals Regional Energy, CO2, and Economic and Air Quality Index Performances in China: A Meta-Frontier Approach

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Li ◽  
Yung-Ho Chiu ◽  
Liang Lu
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Desirable Output ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Rapid economic development has resulted in a significant increase in energy consumption and pollution such as carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM2.5), particulate matter 10 (PM10), SO2, and NO2 emissions, which can cause cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Therefore, to ensure a sustainable future, it is essential to improve economic efficiency and reduce emissions. Using a Meta-frontier Non-radial Directional Distance Function model, this study took energy consumption, the labor force, and fixed asset investments as the inputs, Gross domestic product (GDP) as the desirable output, and CO2 and the Air Quality Index (AQI) scores as the undesirable outputs to assess energy efficiency and air pollutant index efficiency scores in China from 2013–2016 and to identify the areas in which improvements was necessary. It was found that there was a large gap between the western and eastern cities in China. A comparison of the CO2 and AQI in 31 Chinese cities showed a significant difference in the CO2 emissions and AQI efficiency scores, with the lower scoring cities being mainly concentrated in China’s western region. It was therefore concluded that China needs to pay greater attention to the differences in the economic levels, stages of social development, and energy structures in the western cities when developing appropriately focused improvement plans.

scholarly journals Sistem Pengamatan Kondisi Lalu Lintas Berbasis Data GPS pada Smartphone (Studi Kasus : Kota Denpasar)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Gede Herdian Setiawan ◽  
I Ketut Dedy Suryawan
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Observation Model ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Real Time Traffic

<p>Pertumbuhan jumlah kendaraan yang semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya mengakibatkan volume kendaraan yang melintasi ruas jalan semakin padat yang kerap mengakibatkan kemacetan lalu lintas. Kemacetan lalu lintas dapat menjadi beban biaya yang signifikan terhadap kegiatan ekonomi masyarakat. Informasi lalu lintas yang dinamis seperti informasi kondisi lalu lintas secara langsung <em>(real time)</em> akan membantu mempengaruhi aktivitas masyarakat pengguna lalu lintas untuk melakukan perencanaan dan penjadwalan aktivitas yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini mengusulkan model pengamatan kondisi lalu lintas berbasis data GPS pada <em>smartphone</em>, untuk informasi kondisi lalu lintas secara langsung. GPS <em>Receiver</em> pada <em>smartphone</em> menghasilkan data lokasi secara instan dan bersifat mobile sehingga dapat digunakan untuk pengambilan data kecepatan kendaraan secara langsung. Kecepatan kendaraan diperoleh berdasarkan jarak perpindahan koordinat kendaraan dalam satuan detik selanjutnya di konversi menjadi satuan kecepatan (km/jam) kemudian data kecepatan kendaraan di proses menjadi informasi kondisi lalu lintas. Secara menyeluruh model pengamatan berfokus pada tiga tahapan, yaitu akuisisi data kecepatan kendaraan berbasis GPS pada <em>smartphone</em>, pengiriman data kecepatan dan visualisasi kondisi lalu lintas berbasis GIS. Pengujian dilakukan pada ruas jalan kota Denpasar telah mampu mendapatkan data kecepatan kendaraan dan mampu menunjukkan kondisi lalu lintas secara langsung dengan empat kategori keadaan lalu lintas yaitu garis berwarna hitam menunjukkan lalu lintas macet dengan kecepatan kendaraan kurang dari 17 km/jam, merah menunjukkan padat dengan kecepatan kendaraan 17 km/jam sampai 27 km/jam, kuning menunjukkan sedang dengan kecepatan kendaraan 26 km/jam sampai 40 km/jam dan hijau menunjukkan lancar dengan kecepatan kendaraan diatas 40 km/jam.</p><p> </p><p><em><strong>Abstract</strong></em></p><p class="Abstract"><em>The growth in the number of vehicles that is increasing every year has resulted in the volume of vehicles crossing the road increasingly congested which often results in traffic congestion. Traffic congestion can be a significant cost burden on economic activities. Dynamic traffic information such as information on real time traffic conditions will help influence the activities of the traffic user community to better plan and schedule activities. This study proposes a traffic condition observation model based on GPS data on smartphones, for information on real time traffic conditions. The GPS Receiver on the smartphone produces location and coordinate data instantly and is mobile so that it can be used for direct vehicle speed data retrieval. Vehicle speed is obtained based on the displacement distance of the vehicle's coordinates in units of seconds and then converted into units of speed (km / h), the vehicle speed data is then processed into information on traffic conditions. Overall, the observation model focuses on three stages, namely GPS-based vehicle speed data acquisition on smartphones, speed data delivery and visualization of GIS-based traffic conditions. Tests carried out on the Denpasar city road segment have been able to obtain vehicle speed data and are able to show traffic conditions directly with four categories of traffic conditions, namely black lines indicating traffic jammed with vehicle speeds of less than 17 km / h, red indicates heavy with speed vehicles 17 to 27 km / h, yellow indicates medium speed with vehicles 26 km/h to 40 km / h and green shows fluent with vehicle speeds above 40 km / h.</em></p><p><em><strong><br /></strong></em></p>

scholarly journals Planning and valorization of the branch Xa of Corridor X from the aspects of external costs

Pomorstvo ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Vukić ◽  
Tanja Poletan Jugović
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
External Costs ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Road ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Structure Of Trade

Branch Xa of Pan-European Transport Corridor X has a strategic importance for Croatia since this corridor (Corridor branch) enables linking of Croatia with Slovenia and Austria, which, according to the current data on the structure of trade in goods from countries, is counted among five most important Croatian trading partners. Therefore, the valorization of the branch of Corridor X has unquestionable importance for the Croatian economy and the associated surroundings that gravitate in the transport route. Conditional on the numerous geo-transport and socioeconomic factors, the valorization of transport corridor on the transport market is determined also by the value of transport (traffic) services that are determined by the costs incurred in its production. Accordingly, the underlying problem of the present study is to analyze the external costs of the branch of Corridor X which, although, belong to the category of social costs borne by society, have the intention to become, over various regulatory measures (excise), an integral part of the costs of the conveyor. With the aim of the research in this study, which, generally, supports the need for internalization of the external costs, as the essential factors of valorization of the transport corridors, a comparative analysis of external costs of the branch of Corridor X between the road and rail transport was performed. As input data, the results of in-depth analysis were used, resulting from the studies of the European Commission for the European Union, specifically Studies for Corridor X and Studies on East-Mediterranean transport routes. The research results show that the mean values of external costs of freight rail transport on the branch Xa are almost five times fewer than the average value of external costs of road transport and that, in accordance with the purpose of these investigations, the internalization of external costs is unquestionably required for planning the traffic flows and valorization of the route.

scholarly journals Evaluating Impacts of Overloaded Heavy Vehicles on Freeway Traffic Condition by a Novel Multi-Class Traffic Flow Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Po Zhao ◽  
Yanyun Tao
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Fundamental Diagram ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Traffic Flow Model ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Overloaded heavy vehicles (HVs) have significant negative impacts on traffic conditions due to their inferior driving performance. Highway authorities need to understand the impact of overloaded HVs to assess traffic conditions and set management strategies. We propose a multi-class traffic flow model based on Smulders fundamental diagram to analyze the influence of overloaded HVs on traffic conditions. The relationship between the overloading ratio and maximum speed is established by freeway toll collection data for different types of HVs. Dynamic passenger car equivalent factors are introduced to represent the various impacts of overloaded HVs in different traffic flow patterns. The model is solved analytically and discussed in detail in the appendices. The model validation results show that the proposed model can represent traffic conditions more accurately with consideration for overloaded HVs. The scenario tests indicate that the increase of overloaded HVs leads to both a higher congestion level and longer duration.

scholarly journals Indoor air quality and health in schools

2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Maria da Conceição Ferreira ◽  
Massano Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

Objective: To determine whether indoor air quality in schools is associated with the prevalence of allergic and respiratory diseases in children. Methods: We evaluated 1,019 students at 51 elementary schools in the city of Coimbra, Portugal. We applied a questionnaire that included questions regarding the demographic, social, and behavioral characteristics of students, as well as the presence of smoking in the family. We also evaluated the indoor air quality in the schools. Results: In the indoor air of the schools evaluated, we identified mean concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) above the maximum reference value, especially during the fall and winter. The CO2 concentration was sometimes as high as 1,942 ppm, implying a considerable health risk for the children. The most prevalent symptoms and respiratory diseases identified in the children were sneezing, rales, wheezing, rhinitis, and asthma. Other signs and symptoms, such as poor concentration, cough, headache, and irritation of mucous membranes, were identified. Lack of concentration was associated with CO2 concentrations above the maximum recommended level in indoor air (p = 0.002). There were no other significant associations. Conclusions: Most of the schools evaluated presented with reasonable air quality and thermal comfort. However, the concentrations of various pollutants, especially CO2, suggest the need for corrective interventions, such as reducing air pollutant sources and improving ventilation. There was a statistically significant association between lack of concentration in the children and exposure to high levels of CO2. The overall low level of pollution in the city of Coimbra might explain the lack of other significant associations.

Empirical Analysis on Time to Collision at Urban Expressway

2014 ◽  
Vol 505-506 ◽  
pp. 1127-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Xu ◽  
Zhao Wei Qu
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
T Test ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Time To Collision ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Urban Expressway ◽  
Traffic Conflicts

Traffic safety is of great significance, especially at urban expressway where traffic volume is large and traffic conflicts are highlighted. But little research up to date has discussed in detail how these factors impact the TTC characteristics. In this paper, field Beijing expressway data were collected by video with different locations, lanes, traffic conditions and following vehicle types. Accordingly, some basic descriptive statistics of total TTC samples were shown and analyzed. We then used T-test to analyze the effect of road environments, traffic conditions, and vehicle types on TTC statistically. The results implied three main findings. Firstly, TTC was found to change according to road environments (i.e. TTC on weaving segment is smaller than other locations), secondly, some evidence supported this hypothesis that traffic conditions (especially uncongested traffic condition) affect TTC significantly, and lastly, little correlation was found between TTC means and vehicle types.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of air pollutant concentrations and inflow trajectories: a case study of selected cities in South-Eastern Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Oleniacz ◽  
Tomasz Gorzelnik ◽  
Adriana Szulecka
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Air Pollutant Concentrations

The paper presents a comparison of air pollutant concentrations in three cities in South-Eastern Poland (Krakow, Tarnow and Rzeszow) using statistical analyses and backward trajectory modelling (the HYSPLIT model). The analyses were based on particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels as well as meteorological data from year 2017. The performed analyses revealed, among others, that the PM10 and SO2 concentrations in the air depend on the season of the year, while the NO2 concentrations are seasonally independent, which is mainly associated with emissions from road transport. Air quality in the analysed cities depends on local meteorological conditions and the structure of emission sources, including the inflowing background. The most unfavourable situation regarding high concentrations of PM10 and NO2 occurs in Krakow. For all analysed urban background stations very similar low SO2 air concentrations are observed which proves the decreasing significance of emissions from coal combustion sources.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document