scholarly journals A Reliable U-trough Runoff Collection Method for Quantifying the Migration Loads of Nutrients at Different Soil Layers under Natural Rainfall

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2050
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Chengsheng Ni ◽  
Sheng Wang ◽  
Deti Xie ◽  
Jiupai Ni
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Purple Soil ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Natural Rainfall ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Subsurface Runoff ◽  
Runoff Sediment

Long-term quantification of the migration loads of subsurface runoff (SSR) and its collateral soil nutrients among different soil layers are still restricted by the runoff collection method. This study tested the reliability of the U-trough collection methods (UCM), compared with the seepage plate collection method (SPM), in monitoring the runoff, sediment and nutrient migration loads from different soil layers (L1: 0–20 cm depth; L2: 20–40 cm depth; L3: 40–60 cm depth) for two calendar years under natural rainfall events. The results suggested that the U-trough could collect nearly 10 times the SSR sample volume of the seepage plate and keep the sampling probability more than 95% at each soil layer. The annual SSR flux from L1 to L3 was 403.4 mm, 271.9 mm, and 237.4 mm under the UCM, 14.35%, 10.56%, and 8.41% lower than those under the SPM, respectively. The annual net migration loads of sediment, TN, and TP from the L1 layer under the UCM were 49.562 t/km2, 19.113 t/km2 and 0.291 t/km2, and 86.62%, 41.21% and 81.78% of them were intercepted by the subsoil layers (L2 and L3), respectively. While their migration loads under the SPM were 48.708 t/km2, 22.342 t/km2 and 0.291 t/km2, and 88.24%, 53.06% and 80.42% of them were intercepted, respectively. Under both methods, the average leached total n (TN), total p (TP) concentrations per rainfall event and their annual migrated loads at each soil layer showed no significant difference. In conclusion, the UCM was a reliable quantitative method for subsurface runoff, sediment, and soil nutrient migration loads from diverse soil layers of purple soil sloping cultivated lands. Further studies are needed to testify the availability in other lands.

scholarly journals Depth-Dependent C-N-P Stocks and Stoichiometry in Ultisols Resulting from Conversion of Secondary Forests to Plantations and Driving Forces

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300
Author(s):  
Xiaogang Ding ◽  
Xiaochuan Li ◽  
Ye Qi ◽  
Zhengyong Zhao ◽  
Dongxiao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Significant Difference

Stocks and stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in ultisols are not well documented for converted forests. In this study, Ultisols were sampled in 175 plots from one type of secondary forest and four plantations of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), Eucalypt (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), and Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn., 1782) in Yunfu, Guangdong province, South China. Five layers of soil were sampled with a distance of 20 cm between two adjacent layers up to a depth of 100 cm. We did not find interactive effects between forest type and soil layer depth on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and storages. Storage of SOC was not different between secondary forests and Eucalypt plantations, but SOC of these two forest types were lower than that in Litchi, Masson pine, and Slash pine plantations. Soil C:P was higher in Slash pine plantations than in secondary forests. Soil CNP showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth. Soil TP did not show any significant difference among soil layers. Soil bulk density had a negative contribution to soil C and P stocks, and longitude and elevation were positive drivers for soil C, N, and P stocks. Overall, Litchi plantations are the only type of plantation that obtained enhanced C storage in 0–100 cm soils and diverse N concentrations among soil layers during the conversion from secondary forests to plantations over ultisols.

scholarly journals Site Classification and Evaluation of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis Plantation in Southern Yunnan, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifei Lu ◽  
Jianmin Xu ◽  
Guangyou Li ◽  
Wangshu Liu ◽  
Yuqiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Purple Soil ◽  
Site Classification ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Site Factors ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Total N

Background and Objectives: The site types of Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus grandis clonal plantations in southern Yunnan were compared, aiming to provide basis for site selection and scientific plantations management. Materials and Methods: In this study, 80 standard plots were set up in the 6−9-year-old Eucalypts plantations in Pu'er City and Lincang City. Furthermore, the quantitative theory I model and canonical correlation analysis were used to analyze the relationship between dominant tree growth traits and site factors, and evaluate the growth potential of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation. Results: The multiple correlation coefficient between 8 site factors (altitude, slope, slope level, soil thickness, slope direction, texture, soil bulk density, and litter thickness) and the quantitative growth of the dominant wood was 0.825 (P < 0.05). According to the correlation coefficient of the quantitative regression model, slope, altitude, and soil thickness were the main factors for the classification of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantations in southern Yunnan. In addition, E. urophylla × E. grandis plantations grew best downhill and mid uphill at relatively low altitude, where the soil layer was thick and composed of weathered red soil. Contrastingly, E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation growth was extremely poor in uphill sites at higher altitude, where the soil layer was thin and composed of semi-weathered purple soil. Furthermore, total N, and available B, Cu, and Zn content, as well as soil organic matter content in the soil had a great influence on the growth of E. urophylla × E. grandis. Conclusions: Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer as well as trace elements such as B, Zn, and Cu can be properly applied in middle- and low-yield forests to promote the growth and development of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantations.

Analysis of Soil Organic Matter and Soil Total Nitrogen Condition under Different Vegetation Patterns of Huanghuadianzi Small Watershed

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 1839-1842
Author(s):  
Yue Feng Guo ◽  
Yun Feng Yao ◽  
Fu Cang Qin ◽  
Wei Qi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Vegetation Patterns ◽  
Small Watershed ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Soil Layers

Different vegetation patterns have difference influenced on the soil nutrients and the soil nutrient contents of different soil layers in the same vegetation patterns are also different in size. In this paper, we analyze the main soil nutrients of different soil layers in different vegetation patterns in Huanghuadianzi small watershed in Ao HanQI of Chifeng in China. The result shows that in different vegetation patterns, the secondary forest of natural bush have an obvious effect on the nutrient and concentration of organic; in the artificial forest, mingled forest has a better improving effect on soil than the pure forest and natural grassland has the smallest effect; in the same vegetation patterns, organic, total nitrogen present an overall reduction trend with the deepening of soil layer accept 40-60cm soil layers. The analysis result of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for further researching the dynamic nutrient change, tree variety optimization arrangement and regional land use planning in forest grass zone.

Species richness and density of ground herbs within a plot of lowland rainforest in north-west Borneo

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Dalberg Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Layer ◽  
Canopy Openness ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Total N ◽  
North West ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lowland Rainforest ◽  
Herb Species ◽  
Ground Herbs ◽  
Total P

ABSTRACTIn a I-ha plot all ground herb species were recorded. Within the plot selected properties were investigated in three 20 m × 20 m subplots. The number of ground herb species and individuals in the subplots were lowest near to a local hilltop and they increased towards the lowest part of the plot. There was no significant difference in canopy openness, or in thickness of leaf litter layer, between the upper and lower subplots. In the upper subplot the soil layer was thin and the weathered bedrock was close to the surface. In the lower subplot the soil was much deeper. The pH and concentrations of Mg were significantly lower and %loss-on-ignition, total P and total N concentrations were significantly higher in the upper subplot. Elevation and soil moisture were significantly correlated in the upper 10 cm of soil. It is not possible to select any one abiotic property as being the critical determinant of the gradient of ground herbs. However, it is suspected that the availability of water in the topsoil, particularly after droughts, may be more important than the soil nutrients in limiting herb distribution.

scholarly journals Impact of alley cropping system on soil fertility

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Jannatul Ferdush ◽  
Md. Meftahul Karim ◽  
Iffat Jahan Noor ◽  
Sadia Afrin Sadia Afrin Ju ◽  
Tofayel Ahamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Alley Cropping ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wheat Production

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of pruned materials of two hedgerow species on wheat production and soil nutrient changes at different nitrogen levels in the research farm of the Bangabandhu Shiekh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMARU) during November 2012 to March 2013. The design of the experiment was split plot, where two multipurpose tree species (MPTS) namely Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala were arranged in main plots and five different doses of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of recommended dose) with pruned materials were distributed to sub plots. Alley widths of both tree species were 6.0 meter. There were also control plots where full dose of recommended nitrogen was applied but no pruned material (PM) was incorporated. The soil chemical properties in the alleys consisting of G. sepium and L. leucocephala responded differently. Positive changes in the soil fertility in terms of soil pH, organic C, total N, available P, available S and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and CEC of the top soil layer were observed in alley cropping system. Pruned materials application substantially reduced the nitrogen requirement for wheat production and 50 % Nitrogen fertilizer could be saved through pruned materials application. Among the tree species G. sepium seemed to be superior over L. leucocephala in building soil health.    

scholarly journals Effect of Large Inputs of Manure and Fertilizer on Nitrogen Mineralization in the Newly Built Solar Greenhouse Soils

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1600-1604
Author(s):  
Shichao Wang ◽  
Zhujun Chen ◽  
Jun Man ◽  
Jianbin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
N Mineralization ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Age Regression ◽  
Solar Greenhouse ◽  
Greenhouse Soils ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable N

In China, greenhouse soils often receive large rates of different manures and have a high content of soil organic matter (SOM). Understanding changes in nitrogen (N) mineralization in soils of newly built greenhouses after their construction is important for managing N. Soil samples were obtained from solar greenhouses of different ages (0, 1, 2, and 3 years) located in the south edge of the Loess Plateau, China, at 0- to 20- and 20- to 40-cm depth. N mineralization in the soils was measured with the Stanford and Smith long-term aerobic incubation method over 30 weeks. SOM, total N, and the mineralized N in the 0- to 20-cm and 20- to 40-cm soil layers were significantly increased in the older greenhouses. The cumulative mineralized N in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer in different cultivation years was increased in each year since the greenhouses were established. For the greenhouses with the same age, the cumulative mineralized N in the 0- to 20-cm soil layer was greater than that in the 20- to 40-cm layer. The potentially mineralizable N (N0) both in the 0- to 20-cm and the 20- to 40-cm soil layers increased with the greenhouses’ age. Regression analysis indicated that when SOM increased 1 g·kg−1, N0 in the 0- to 20-cm and 20- to 40-cm depth increased 22.6 and 8.4 mg·kg−1, respectively. Therefore, as the N supply in soil increases with the age of the solar greenhouse, we suggest that the application rates of manure and synthetic fertilizer be reduced.

Soil Nutrient and Soil Enzyme Activity of the Slopes with Different Ecological Protection Technologies

2011 ◽  
Vol 356-360 ◽  
pp. 2445-2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi Chao Zhao ◽  
Wen Nian Xu ◽  
Dong Xia
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Soil Enzyme ◽  
Soil Enzyme Activity ◽  
Total N ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Soil Urease ◽  
Positive Correlations

Taking four types of slopes as test objects this paper measured their, soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity. The results showed that variation of soil nutrients in different slopes is obvious; soil enzyme activity is also a significant difference between different slopes. The soil of A slope (natural secondary forest ) was the highest in activity of urease, invertase, neutral phosphatase and catalase, the lowest in D(wasteland)slope except catalase. There were extremely significant positive correlations among soil urease activity, invertase activity and neutral phosphatase activity. Significant positive correlations were observed between soil urease activity, invertase activity, neutral phosphates activity and organic matter, available N, total N. It suggested that enzymatic activity could be used to indicate and estimate soil fertility of artificial remediation slopes. Combined with and community structure and community characteristics of vegetation on the sanmpled slops, soil enzyme activities could be used to measure the degree of vegetation restoration in the disturbed area.

scholarly journals Assessment of Seasonal Variability in Soil Nutrients and Its Impact on Soil Quality under Different Land Use Systems of Lower Shiwalik Foothills of Himalaya, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1398
Author(s):  
Tavjot Kaur ◽  
Simerpreet Kaur Sehgal ◽  
Satnam Singh ◽  
Sandeep Sharma ◽  
Salwinder Singh Dhaliwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Land Use Systems ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Significant Difference

The present study was conducted to investigate the seasonal effects of five land use systems (LUSs), i.e., wheat–rice (Triticum aestivum—Oryza sativa) system, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), orange (Citrus sinensis) orchard, safeda (Eucalyptus globules) forest, and grassland, on soil quality and nutrient status in the lower Satluj basin of the Shiwalik foothills Himalaya, India. Samples were analyzed for assessment of physico-chemical properties at four soil depths, viz., 0–15, 15–30, 30–45, and 45–60 cm. A total of 120 soil samples were collected in both the seasons. Soil texture was found to be sandy loam and slightly alkaline in nature. The relative trend of soil organic carbon (SOC), macro- and micro-nutrient content for the five LUSs was forest > orchard > grassland > wheat–rice > sugarcane, in the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. SOC was highly correlated with macronutrients and micronutrients, whereas SOC was negatively correlated with soil pH (r = −0.818). The surface soil layer (0–15 cm) had a significantly higher content of SOC, and macro- and micro-nutrients compared to the sub-surface soil layers, due to the presence of more organic content in the soil surface layer. Tukey’s multiple comparison test was applied to assess significant difference (p < 0.05) among the five LUSs at four soil depths in both the seasons. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified that SOC and electrical conductivity (EC) were the most contributing soil indicators among the different land use systems, and that the post-monsoon season had better soil quality compared to the pre-monsoon season. These indicators helped in the assessment of soil health and fertility, and to monitor degraded agroecosystems for future soil conservation.

scholarly journals Pain, Culture and Pedagogy: A Preliminary Investigation of Attitudes Towards “Reasonable” Pain Tolerance in the Grassroots Reproduction of a Culture of Risk

2021 ◽  
pp. 003329412098809
Author(s):  
Paul K. Miller ◽  
Sophie Van Der Zee ◽  
David Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Sporting Culture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In recent years a considerable body of psychological research has explored the relationship between membership of socio-cultural groups and personal pain perception. Rather less systematic attention has, however, been accorded to how such group membership(s) might influence individual attitudes towards the pain of others. In this paper, immersion in the culture of competitive sport, widely regarded as being exaggeratedly tolerant of risky behaviours around pain, is taken as a case-in-point with students of Physical Education (PE) in tertiary education as the key focus. PE students are highly-immersed in competitive sporting culture both academically and (typically) practically, and also represent a key nexus of cross-generational transmission regarding the norms of sport itself. Their attitudes towards the pain that others should reasonably tolerate during a range of activities, sporting and otherwise, were evaluated through a direct comparison with those of peers much less immersed in competitive sporting culture. In total, N=301 (144 PE, 157 non-PE) undergraduate students in the UK responded to a vignette-based survey. Therein, all participants were required to rate the pain (on a standard 0-10 scale) at which a standardised “other” should desist engagement with a set of five defined sporting and non-sporting tasks, each with weak and strong task severities. Results indicated that PE students were significantly more likely to expect others to persevere through higher levels of pain than their non-PE peers, but only during the sport-related tasks – an effect further magnified when task severity was high. In other tasks, there was no significant difference between groups, or valence of the effect was actually reversed. It is argued that the findings underscore some extant knowledge about the relationship between acculturated attitudes to pain, while also having practical implications for understanding sport-based pedagogy, and its potentially problematic role in the ongoing reproduction of a “culture of risk.”

Automatic Registration for Navigation at the Anterior and Lateral Skull Base

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (10) ◽  
pp. 894-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Kristin ◽  
Manuel Burggraf ◽  
Dirk Mucha ◽  
Christoph Malolepszy ◽  
Silvan Anderssohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skull Base ◽  
Navigation System ◽  
Automatic Registration ◽  
Total N ◽  
Electromagnetic Navigation ◽  
Registration Error ◽  
Target Registration Error ◽  
Lateral Skull Base ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Electromagnetic Navigation System

Objective: Navigation systems create a connection between imaging data and intraoperative situs, allowing the surgeon to consistently determine the location of instruments and patient anatomy during the surgical procedure. The best results regarding the target registration error (measurement uncertainty) are normally demonstrated using fiducials. This study aimed at investigating a new registration strategy for an electromagnetic navigation device. Methods: For evaluation of an electromagnetic navigation system and comparison of registration with screw markers and automatic registration, we are calculating the target registration error in the region of the paranasal sinuses/anterior and lateral skull base with the use of an electromagnetic navigation system and intraoperative digital volume tomography (cone-beam computed tomography). We carried out 10 registrations on a head model (total n = 150 measurements) and 10 registrations on 4 temporal bone specimens (total n = 160 measurements). Results: All in all, the automatic registration was easy to perform. For the models that were used, a significant difference between an automatic registration and the registration on fiducials was evident for just a limited number of screws. Furthermore, the observed differences varied in terms of the preferential registration procedure. Conclusion: The automatic registration strategy seems to be an alternative to the established methods in artificial and cadaver models of intraoperative scenarios. Using intraoperative imaging, there is an option to resort to this kind of registration as needed.

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