scholarly journals Microstructure and Physical-Mechanical Characteristics of Treated Kaolin-Bentonite Mixture for Application in Compacted Liner Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1617
Author(s):  
Eyo Eyo ◽  
Samuel Abbey ◽  
Jonathan Oti ◽  
Samson Ng’ambi ◽  
Eshmaiel Ganjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Void Ratio ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Fines Content ◽  
Dry Process ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Desiccation Cracking ◽  
Cement Binder ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Mixed Soils

Treated bentonite-rich soils used as liner materials in landfills may provide an effective solution to the problems of increased void ratios upon swelling at reduced suction as well as desiccation cracking when suction is increased during desaturation. Accordingly, this study provides an understanding of the evolution of void ratio of the mixed materials during swelling at three different suction levels upon saturation as well as the soil water retention (SWR) during desaturation. For the treatment process, low quantity of cement binder whose production leverages raw material resources with efficient dry-process kilns and the benefit of lower energy consumption were used. Results indicated increased mixed soils’ strength irrespective of increased fines content due to thixotropy. The mixed soils exhibited almost equal values of void ratios at different hydration stages, suggesting that slightly reduced expansion mostly affects the subsequent phases of moisture ingress at full saturation compared to the natural soils. Lower values of void ratio obtained at full saturation also suggests possible reduced infiltration of water into landfills. The observed increased moisture retention within the osmotic suction zone and a decrease in the same as the fines content increased in the mixed soils can aid contaminant encapsulation while also reducing desiccation cracking. The findings of this research are intended to serve as a benchmark for further studies using other sustainable materials for treatment of mixed soils.

PEAS AND PRODUCTS OF ITS PROCESSING OF - NONCONVENTIONAL RAW MATERIAL RESOURCES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Y. Bolgova ◽  
◽  
N.A. Tarasenko ◽  
Z.S. Mukhametova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Rich

Nutrition is an important factor that affects human health. The use of plant proteins as various additives in food production has now been actively developed. The rich chemical composition of pea grains determines the possibility of application in the food industry. Peas are characterized by good assimilability and degree of digestion.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

Agglomeration Technologies of Processing Powder Wastes

2015 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Marian Peciar ◽  
Roman Fekete ◽  
Peter Peciar
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Airborne Particles ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
New Type ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
High Technologies

This article deals with the presentation of modern applications for processing powdered, primarily hazardous, waste to an agglomeration form appropriate for subsequent processing by classical methods, for example in the construction, automotive and consumer goods industries. The aim of the research work was to set appropriate operating conditions in order to appreciate currently non-processable wastes resulting from the intensive production of often extremely expensive materials. Technologies which enable returning powder waste back into the primary production cycle were developed and experimentally tested, thus saving raw material resources. When necessary for the fixing of fine airborne particles with a problematic compacting curve (hard to compress, repulsive due to the surface charge) extrusion processes using a patented technology enabling controlled modification of shear forces in the extrusion zone were successfully applied. A new type of axial extruder allows the elimination of the liquid phase and as a result prevents the clogging of the extrusion chamber. In the case of need for granulation of sensitive materials (for example pharmaceuticals not allowing the addition of any kind of agglomerating fluid or reacting strongly in the contact of the two phases), a process of compaction between rolls with different profiled surface was successfully applied. The developed high technologies and the resulting products thus represent a major contribution to environmental protection in the context of not only the work but also the communal environment.

scholarly journals Waste production and waste management in the EU

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 (1) ◽  
pp. 012024
Author(s):  
S Matušková ◽  
M Taušová ◽  
L Domaracká ◽  
P Tauš
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Constant Growth ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The constant growth of the population increases the demands on raw material resources, which is reflected in increasing pressure on the environment. The impact of mankind on the environment is nowadays an increasingly acute problem, which is being addressed by the governments of individual countries, not only the EU, through legislative interventions. The most addressed areas are the issue of production and subsequent waste management. Waste production in the world has been growing for a long time, which causes considerable problems for individual countries. Each country is currently looking for the optimal way of waste management to reuse it as secondary raw material. In this paper, we analysed twenty-eight EU countries in terms of production and waste management and found significant differences between countries. We looked for factors that lead to different results between countries in the production and management of waste, based on the population, the size of the country to the indicators of living standards, and legislation applicable to those countries.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of the use of alternative animal and plant raw material resources in aquaculture feeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 703-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett D. Glencross ◽  
Johanna Baily ◽  
Marc H.G. Berntssen ◽  
Ronald Hardy ◽  
Simon MacKenzie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Plant Raw Material

scholarly journals Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: A Review on the Identification Methods for Polymeric Materials

Recycling ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigorescu ◽  
Grigore ◽  
Iancu ◽  
Ghioca ◽  
Ion
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Identification Methods ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Characteristic Values ◽  
Materials Used

Considering that the large quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics generated annually causes increasing environmental concerns for their recycling and also for preserving of raw material resources, decreasing of energy consumption, or saving the virgin materials used, the present challenge is considered to be the recovery of individual polymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment. This study aims to provide an update of the main identification methods of waste electrical and electronic equipment such as spectroscopic fingerprinting, thermal study, and sample techniques (like identification code and burning test), and the characteristic values in the case of the different analyses of the polymers commonly used in electrical and electronic equipment. Additionally, the quality of the identification is very important, as, depending on this, new materials with suitable properties can be obtained to be used in different industrial applications. The latest research in the field demonstrated that a complete characterization of individual WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment) components is important to obtain information on the chemical and physical properties compared to the original polymers and their compounds. The future directions are heading towards reducing the costs by recycling single polymer plastic waste fractions that can replace virgin plastic at a ratio of almost 1:1.

scholarly journals Application of man-induced raw material resources as a way to solve ecological problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 012047
Author(s):  
D K-S Bataev ◽  
V Kh KHadisov ◽  
A Z Abukhanov ◽  
M Sh Salamanova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Ecological Problems

scholarly journals Evolution of the soil water retention curve based on plastic volumetric strain

2020 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 02016
Author(s):  
J. Kodikara ◽  
C. Jayasundara
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Void Ratio ◽  
Volumetric Strain ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Retention Curve ◽  
Plastic Volumetric Strain

The water retention behaviour of soil can be defined as the relationship between the degree of saturation (or water content) and suction at a constant temperature, which characterises the hydraulic behaviour of unsaturated soils, normally represented as the soil water retention curve (SWRC). The SWRC is commonly measured at nominal net stress by initially saturating a soil specimen and then subjecting it to drying and wetting paths, resulting in major drying and wetting curves. However, there is evidence that during these major drying and wetting paths and initial saturation, soil can undergo volumetric deformation with changes in void ratio, sometimes plastically. Therefore, for coupling the SWRC with mechanical behaviour, the dependency of SWRC on other state variables such as void ratio has been proposed. In this paper, an approach to defining SWRC for a particular plastic volumetric strain is presented within the generalised MPK model. The SWRC evolves as soil is subjected to wet/dry cycles, eventually approaching drying and wetting curves relevant to an environmentally-stabilised state. The performance of this model is demonstrated by the simulation of the loading/unloading/drying/wetting paths followed in a laboratory experiment. In addition, the evolution of the commonly-considered major drying and wetting curves is simulated, highlighting key features of the environmentally-stabilised line..

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