scholarly journals From Drive-By-Wire to Autonomous Vehicle: Urban Freight Vehicle Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1169
Author(s):  
Khayyam Masood ◽  
Matteo Zoppi ◽  
Vincent Fremont ◽  
Rezia M. Molfino
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Navigation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Urban Freight ◽  
Site Use ◽  
Demonstration Site ◽  
Robotic Vehicle

Freight Urban RoBOTic vehicle (FURBOT) is a complete drive-by-wire vehicle expected to perform autonomously in an urban setting. This upgrading has raised issues that need to be resolved/addressed for the vehicle to achieve a higher level of autonomy. This research addresses two of these main issues. The First is the legal framework/licensing issue necessary to be addressed for the vehicle to be insured and legally drive on public roads. The second is the changes and upgrading the vehicle must go through to become a complete autonomous freight handling vehicle. The outcome of this research led to the decision for correct categorization of the vehicle for resolving its licensing issue and its legal status on the European roads by understanding the limitations of the vehicle, which includes vehicle current state and its structural properties. An additional contribution of this research is identifying the software and hardware changes the vehicle has to go through to be fully autonomous. This includes identification of correct sensors and their placement and quantities. In addition, in-depth study for software identification for the vehicle is provided resulting in favorable choice for an off-the-shelf software. Additionally, foreseeable issues, expectations from the vehicle and requirements (considering its demonstration as an autonomous vehicle) that need to be fulfilled are also highlighted. For demonstration site, use cases and site dynamics are also studied for achieving autonomy. Fulfillment of these requirements is necessary for the vehicle to demonstrate autonomous navigation and freight handling for SHOW (SHared automation Operating models for Worldwide adoption) H2020 project for delivering freight in an urban setting.

scholarly journals Autonomous Navigation of a Team of Unmanned Surface Vehicles for Intercepting Intruders on a Region Boundary

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Ali Marzoughi ◽  
Andrey V. Savkin
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Navigation ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Unmanned Surface Vehicles ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
See Region

We study problems of intercepting single and multiple invasive intruders on a boundary of a planar region by employing a team of autonomous unmanned surface vehicles. First, the problem of intercepting a single intruder has been studied and then the proposed strategy has been applied to intercepting multiple intruders on the region boundary. Based on the proposed decentralised motion control algorithm and decision making strategy, each autonomous vehicle intercepts any intruder, which tends to leave the region by detecting the most vulnerable point of the boundary. An efficient and simple mathematical rules based control algorithm for navigating the autonomous vehicles on the boundary of the see region is developed. The proposed algorithm is computationally simple and easily implementable in real life intruder interception applications. In this paper, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a real-time solution to the considered problem of intruder interception. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by computer simulations with both single and multiple intruders.

Psychosoziale Prozessbegleitung im Strafverfahren

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Ilsner
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Innovation ◽  
The Law

The legal status of victims of violent criminality has been in the spotlight during recent decades. The institutionalization of psychosocial assistance in criminal proceedings represents the temporary peak of this development. In this study, the author focuses on the legal innovation, analyzes it fundamentally (especially regarding the recently formulated § 406g StPO), and submits specific reform proposals correspondingly. This research includes four systematically structured chapters, which impart the essential features of the legal institution, elucidate the legal framework, and finally appoint considerations regarding its transfer into the law of civil procedure.

International legal framework for the criminal legal protection of the embryo

2021 ◽  
pp. 296-308
Author(s):  
Nikolai A. Ognerubov
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
International Aspects

In connection with the active development and use of assisted reproductive technologies, protection of the human embryo and its legal status issue is currently being actualized. We make an attempt to reveal and explain some of the international aspects of the criminal law protection of the life and rights of the embryo. We consider the concept of “embryo” not only from the point of view of various scientific approaches (medicine, biology, embryology, jurisprudence), but also from the legislative side. We present and analyze the first mention of the embryo in Roman private law in connection with modern domestic law. We carry out an analysis of international legal acts that provide protection of embryos both “in vitro” and “in vivo”, followed by consideration of specific criminal law norms of foreign countries, namely Brazil and Colombia. We pay attention to some of the most famous cases from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in order to understand the applied international legal acts “de facto”. The study also takes into account modern domestic legislation and considers point “g” of part 2 of Article 105 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment by a Passenger of an Autonomous Vehicle Among Pedestrians: Relationship Between Subjective and Physiological Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery Petit ◽  
Camilo Charron ◽  
Franck Mars
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Autonomous Navigation ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Redundant Data ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Subjective Risk ◽  
Two Systems

Autonomous navigation becomes complex when it is performed in an environment that lacks road signs and includes a variety of users, including vulnerable pedestrians. This article deals with the perception of collision risk from the viewpoint of a passenger sitting in the driver's seat who has delegated the total control of their vehicle to an autonomous system. The proposed study is based on an experiment that used a fixed-base driving simulator. The study was conducted using a group of 20 volunteer participants. Scenarios were developed to simulate avoidance manoeuvres that involved pedestrians walking at 4.5 kph and an autonomous vehicle that was otherwise driving in a straight line at 30 kph. The main objective was to compare two systems of risk perception: These included subjective risk assessments obtained with an analogue handset provided to the participants and electrodermal activity (EDA) that was measured using skin conductance sensors. The relationship between these two types of measures, which possibly relates to the two systems of risk perception, is not unequivocally described in the literature. This experiment addresses this relationship by manipulating two factors: The time-to-collision (TTC) at the initiation of a pedestrian avoidance manoeuvre and the lateral offset left between a vehicle and a pedestrian. These manipulations of vehicle dynamics made it possible to simulate different safety margins regarding pedestrians during avoidance manoeuvres. The conditional dependencies between the two systems and the manipulated factors were studied using hybrid Bayesian networks. This relationship was inferred by selecting the best Bayesian network structure based on the Bayesian information criterion. The results demonstrate that the reduction of safety margins increases risk perception according to both types of indicators. However, the increase in subjective risk is more pronounced than the physiological response. While the indicators cannot be considered redundant, data modeling suggests that the two risk perception systems are not independent.

scholarly journals Right to access science and technology information in scientific research and innovation activities in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Tung Son Le ◽  
◽  
Thi Hoang Yen Thach ◽  
Van Hong Tran ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Technological Information ◽  
The Right

Science and technology information has been an important driving force in the information society and knowledge economy. Access to scientific and technological information for scientific research becomes an essential need and a factor affecting the quality of scientific research and innovation, thereby posing a problem to establish a legal framework for recognising and enforcing the right to access scientific and technological information. Based on identifying and evaluating the current legal status on the right to access to science and technology information, this study proposes solutions to improve the legal framework to ensure the enforcement of the right to access science and technology information in Vietnam.

Cohabitation in the Slovak Republic: Myth or Reality?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilla Garayová
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Central European ◽  
Traditional Marriage ◽  
Legal Consequences

The following article deals with the issue of cohabitation in the Slovak Republic. An institute, that while does not formally exist in Slovak legal order, still has certain legal consequences. Slovak family law is facing a comprehensive transformation, so it is expected, that many of the issues outlined in the submitted article will be properly dealt with in the expected recodification of Slovak civil law, that will include family law as well. As far as the current legal framework however, it leaves much to be desired. There is no legal institute which would be an alternative to traditional marriage, nor an institute which would comprehensively cover the legal status, rights and duties of cohabitants. This is due to the traditional nature of Slovak family law, the way the institute of marriage and family are dealt with in our legal order. While a comprehensive legal framework of cohabitation is missing, it cannot be said that the Slovak legislation ignores cohabitation – there are many legal consequences in various fields of law that relate to the rights of cohabitants. The article highlights the gaps in these areas as well as potential opportunities for future legislation. The research was carried out within the framework of the Central European Professors’ Network coordinated by the Ferenc Mádl Institute of Comparative Law.

Judicial Conciliation and Mediation: Correlation Problems and Development Prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
S. I. Pervukhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Role And Function ◽  
Development Prospects

This article is dedicated to the issue of the correlation between judicial conciliation and mediation. The author compares these two conciliatory procedures according to the following criteria: organizational and legal framework, key goals and objectives; legal status of the person assisting the parties in resolving the dispute and their role and function/competence in the procedure; the peculiarities of the procedural form; the court role in organizing and performing conciliatory procedures after a trial being initiated. As a result of the comparison, the author comes to the conclusion that judicial conciliation and mediation are overlapping, which may have the negative effect on the development of the amicable dispute resolution as a legal institute. The author formulates the suggestions regarding the further development of the judicial conciliation model in order to attract the disputing parties' interest to this procedure and to raise its efficiency as the judicial load optimizing instrument.

Ocean Zooglider:  an autonomous vehicle for optical and acoustic sensing of zooplankton and suspended particles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Gastauer ◽  
Jeffrey S. Ellen ◽  
Mark D. Ohman
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Navigation ◽  
Adaptive Sampling ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Marine Snow ◽  
Seafloor Topography ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Mission Duration

<p><em>Zooglider</em> is an autonomous buoyancy-driven ocean glider designed and built by the Instrument Development Group at Scripps. <em>Zooglider</em> includes a low power camera with a telecentric lens for shadowgraph imaging and two custom active acoustics echosounders (operated at 200/1000 kHz).  A passive acoustic hydrophone records vocalizations from marine mammals, fishes, and ambient noise.  The imaging system (<em>Zoocam</em>) quantifies zooplankton and ‘marine snow’ as they flow through a sampling tunnel within a well-defined sampling volume. Other sensors include a pumped Conductivity-Temperature-Depth probe and Chl-<em>a</em> fluorometer.  An acoustic altimeter permits autonomous navigation across regions of abrupt seafloor topography, including submarine canyons and seamounts.  Vertical sampling resolution is typically 5 cm, maximum operating depth is ~500 m, and mission duration up to 50 days.  Adaptive sampling is enabled by telemetry of measurements at each surfacing.  Our post-deployment processing methodology classifies the optical images using advanced Deep Learning methods that utilize context metadata.  <em>Zooglider</em> permits in situ measurements of mesozooplankton and marine snow - and their natural, three dimensional orientation - in relation to other biotic and physical properties of the ocean water column.  <em>Zooglider</em> resolves micro-scale patches, which are important for predator-prey interactions and biogeochemical cycling. </p><p> </p>

E-Documents and E-Signatures in Tanzania

2012 ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ubena John
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Ict Infrastructure ◽  
The Government

This chapter analyses the use of e-Documents and e-Signatures in Tanzania with a view of establishing their legal status, applicability, and the future of such technologies in e-Government systems. That is important as Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is widely employed in Tanzania. Moreover, the development and application of information systems is influenced by law. Therefore, the problem investigated is twofold: First, legal status, validity, and admissibility of e-Documents and e-Signatures in evidence in Tanzania are questioned. Second, the challenges facing the establishment of e-Government in Tanzania are explored. The chapter is a qualitative study, i.e. library- and desk-based research. Various literatures focusing on e-Documents and e-Signatures are reviewed, analysed, and evaluated so as to draw a conclusion on the relevancy of e-Documents and e-Signatures in the e-Government projects in Tanzania. The literature analysis conducted found that there is a lack of legal framework to recognize e-Documents and e-Signatures compounded with poor ICT infrastructure in Tanzania. This scenario puts e-Government endeavours at risk. It is recommended that the government should enact the laws to recognise e-Documents and e-Signatures to boost e-Commerce as well as e-Government.

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