scholarly journals Biomass Waste as Sustainable Raw Material for Energy and Fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Nicolás M. Clauser ◽  
Giselle González ◽  
Carolina M. Mendieta ◽  
Julia Kruyeniski ◽  
María C. Area ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Systems ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Strategic Factor ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Sustainable development is the common goal of the current concepts of bioeconomy and circular economy. In this sense, the biorefineries platforms are a strategic factor to increase the bioeconomy in the economic balance. The incorporation of renewable sources to produce fuels, chemicals, and energy, includes sustainability, reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG), and creating more manufacturing jobs fostering the advancement of regional and social systems by implementing the comprehensive use of available biomass, due to its low costs and high availability. This paper describes the emerging biorefinery strategies to produce fuels (bio-ethanol and γ-valerolactone) and energy (pellets and steam), compared with the currently established biorefineries designed for fuels, pellets, and steam. The focus is on the state of the art of biofuels and energy production and environmental factors, as well as a discussion about the main conversion technologies, production strategies, and barriers. Through the implementation of biorefineries platforms and the evaluation of low environmental impact technologies and processes, new sustainable production strategies for biofuels and energy can be established, making these biobased industries into more competitive alternatives, and improving the economy of the current value chains.

scholarly journals Contribution of Cyanotoxins to the Ecotoxicological Role of Lichens

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Dobri Ivanov ◽  
Galina Yaneva ◽  
Irina Potoroko ◽  
Diana G. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Effective Application ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common

The fascinating world of lichens draws the attention of the researchers because of the numerous properties of lichens used traditionally and, in modern times, as a raw material for medicines and in the perfumery industry, for food and spices, for fodder, as dyes, and for other various purposes all over the world. However, lichens being widespread symbiotic entities between fungi and photosynthetic partners may acquire toxic features due to either the fungi, algae, or cyano-procaryotes producing toxins. By this way, several common lichens acquire toxic features. In this survey, recent data about the ecology, phytogenetics, and biology of some lichens with respect to the associated toxin-producing cyanoprokaryotes in different habitats around the world are discussed. Special attention is paid to the common toxins, called microcystin and nodularin, produced mainly by the Nostoc species. The effective application of a series of modern research methods to approach the issue of lichen toxicity as contributed by the cyanophotobiont partner is emphasized.

scholarly journals An Integrated Approach to Convert Lignocellulosic and Wool Residues into Balanced Fertilisers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Filippo Marchelli ◽  
Giorgio Rovero ◽  
Massimo Curti ◽  
Elisabetta Arato ◽  
Barbara Bosio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Lignocellulosic Residues ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Slow Pyrolysis ◽  
C And N ◽  
Water Hydrolysis ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Valorising biomass waste and producing renewable energy or materials is the aim of several conversion technologies. In this work, we consider two residues from different production chains: lignocellulosic residues from agriculture and wool residues from sheep husbandry. These materials are produced in large quantities, and their disposal is often costly and challenging for farmers. For their valorisation, we focus on slow pyrolysis for the former and water hydrolysis for the latter, concisely presenting the main literature related to these two processes. Pyrolysis produces the C-rich biochar, suitable for soil amending. Hydrolysis produces a N-rich fertiliser. We demonstrate how these two processes could be fruitfully integrated, as their products can be flexibly mixed to produce fertilisers. This solution would allow the achievement of balanced and tuneable ratios between C and N and the enhancement of the mechanical properties. We propose scenarios for this combined valorisation and for its coupling with other industries. As a result, biomass waste would be returned to the field, following the principles of circular economy.

Dependency in Africa: Stages of African Political Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amechi Okolo
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
International System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The West ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
First Contact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper traces the history of the relationship between Africa and the West since their first contact brought about by the outward thrust of the West, under the impetus of rising capitalism, in search of cheap labour and cheap raw material for its industries and expanding markets for its industrial products, both of which could be better ensured through domination and exploitation. The paper identifies five successive stages that African political economy has passed through under the impact of this relationship, each phase qualitatively different from the other but all having the common characteristic of domination-dependence syndrome, and each phase having been dictated by the dynamics of capitalism in different eras and by the dominant forces in the changing international system. Its finding is that the way to the latest stage, the dependency phase, was paved by the progressive proletarianization of the African peoples and the maintenance of an international peonage system. It ends by indicating the direction in which Africa can make a beginning to break out of dependency and achieve liberation.

scholarly journals Selection of Fish Raw Material Suppliers by Integrating ANP and Topsis Methods in CV. Riki Utama Mandiri

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aula Fajar Iman Sakti ◽  
Wiwik Sulistiyowati
Keyword(s):  
Supplier Selection ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Network Process ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Frozen Fish ◽  
A Company ◽  
Selection Of

CV. Riki Utama Mandiri is a company in distributing an economic fish frozen product. This company distributed any kind of retail and wholesaler, both domestic and export. They distributing many frozen fish products variant such as Patin Fillet and Shark Fin. The all raw materials of those frozen seafood was obtained by three different suppliers. The common problems found in CV. Riki Utama Mandiri mostly about raw patin fish supplier which often committed delivery delays.  The purpose of this research is to fixing the supply chain management in deciding the more accurate selections of raw materials supplier. To overcome the common problems that happen. Analytical network process (ANP) will simplify the criteria weight values and sub criteria of each supplier. Meanwhile, technique for others reference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method is used for giving a rank order of the alternative supplier. This research is expected for being a consideration for the company in obtaining a good and more effective kind of raw supplier. We also expecting the company for tighten supplier selection more effective way so that it can fullfilled the existing standard. Also to overcome the common problems such as delivery delays, competing raw materials with uncertain quality, and difficulty in sort out the raw materials due to size issues.

scholarly journals NEW PARAMETERS FOR THE FOREST BIOMASS WASTE ECOFIREWOOD MANUFACTURING PROCESS OPTIMIZATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (32) ◽  
pp. 560-571
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina RUOSO ◽  
Lisiane Corrêa BITENCOURT ◽  
Lucas Urach SUDATI ◽  
Marcos Antônio KLUNK ◽  
Nattan Roberto CAETANO
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Biomass Waste

Biomass has a large share in the energy generation matrix, due to the regional economic benefits. This work has as main objective to evaluate the parameters used in the manufacture of briquettes produced with forest residues and the economic engineering for the manufacturer. The forest residues were: wood chips and chips of Eucalyptus spp. and barks of Pinus taeda. The evaluations were the chemical characterization of forest residues and the costs involved in the briquetting process. The forest residues presented extractive chemical composition and lignin. The production costs of the briquettes were affected mainly by the equipment, being the Pinus taeda barks the one that presented higher production cost. However, the production costs obtained in this study are approximately 20% lower than the production costs using traditional methods for forest firewood. The energy value from biomass allows the reduction of the dependence of energy, which can be used for the generation of steam or electricity, for subsistence. A fact for energy conversion is to evaluate the material moisture. It is suitable to burn residues with moisture between 45 to 55%. The consumed electric energy is important to evaluate the total costs. The energy required depends on the quality of raw material and the system employed. Forest residues is an important source for eco firewood production, contributing to energy generation and decreasing of the solid waste stored at the company. In this way, the new parameters for briquetting biomass forest wastes shown in this work, which is an important stage of the process, make economically viable and environmentally suitable the eco firewood production.

Liquid immiscibility and the origin of alkali-poor carbonatites

1988 ◽  
Vol 52 (364) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Kjarsgaard ◽  
D. L. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Immiscibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Liquid Fractionation ◽  
Ring Complexes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Melt Cooling ◽  
Carbonate Melt ◽  
Common Sequence

AbstractThe work on liquid immiscibility in carbonate-silicate systems of Freestone and Hamilton (1980) has been extended to include alkali-poor and alkali-free compositions. Immiscibility is shown to occur on the joins albite-calcite and anorthite-calcite at 5 kbar. These results make it possible to interpret ocellar structure between calcite-rich spheroids in lamproite or kimberlite host rock as products of liquid immiscibility. The common sequence of rock types found in carbonatite complexes of melilitite-ijolite-urtite-phonolite is interpreted as being the result of both fractional crystallization and liquid fractionation, the corresponding carbonatite composition changing from nearly pure CaCO3 (±MgCO3) progressively to natrocarbonate. A carbonate melt cooling in isolation will suffer crystal fractionation, the residual liquid producing the rarer ferrocarbonatites, etc., whilst the crystal accumulate of calcite (dolomite) plus other phases such as magnetite, apatite, baryte, pyrochlore, etc., are the raw material for the coarse-grained intrusive carbonatites commonly found in ring complexes.

scholarly journals The Birch as a Source of Raw Material during the Stone Age

1949 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 50-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layers ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Birch Bark ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Upper Palaeolithic ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Common

It is hardly necessary to point out that birch was one of the common trees of the younger stone age and that its wood was much used for technical purposes. This must have been even more the case in mesolithic times and during the upper palaeolithic period, when during a certain period this tree dominated the landscape to such an extent that we can even speak of a Birch period.The use of birch wood soon made men acquainted with its own special properties. If at present we are first able to demonstrate a knowledge of these for the neolithic and later stages, it is not to be doubted that this merely represented a continuation of a mesolithic accomplishment. There are two properties of birch which are particularly well exhibited by the pile-dwelling finds. The bark can be detached from the tree in thin layers, is extraordinarily easily worked and can be sewn like fine leather. But, secondly, it is possible to obtain a pitch from the bark, which after correct preparation makes a particularly useful glue. The pitch occurs especially in the bark and allows rolled up pieces of this to burn with a clear flame. These so-called birch-bark tapers, which even in modern times played an important part in illumination, are found not uncommonly in the Swiss pile-dwellings.

Reactions, Reflections, and Renewal

2019 ◽  
pp. 452-470
Author(s):  
Stephen Crump
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Hard Times ◽  
The Common ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Changing Times ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

This chapter draws together the arguments, ideas, concepts, recommendations, case studies, and empirical data provided in the preceding chapters built on and around the conceptual framework set up in the first two chapters. The chapter does not attempt to replicate or repeat the many and varied points of view expressed in the detailed and informative work of the author contributions but rather to be summative, reflective, and forward-looking. This handbook has observed that modern times are hard times, changing times, where enactments in higher education have never been more crucial, nor more closely watched. The handbook also argues for critical thinking, for diversity, for social and economic progress as cornerstones of innovation and renewal, thus survival, of the vibrant but troubled ecosystem universities have become. In looking for solutions, reflecting back to when the common and public good was also a cornerstone of why universities existed, helps re-justify their elevated place in all social systems.

Conservative resource utilization in the common blue butterfly-evidence for low costs of accepting absent host plants?

Oikos ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Bergström ◽  
Sören Nylin ◽  
Georg H. Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
The Common ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Blue Butterfly

Rule Enforcement among Peers: A Lateral Control Regime

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Lazega
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Law Firm ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Lateral Control ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
The Common ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Control Regime

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of control among peers. Drawing on a network study of a medium-sized Northeastern U.S. corporate law firm, this work shows that partners — all formally equal and locked in a cooperative situation — have developed an informal `lateral control regime' to help protect their common interests against free loading due to individual expressive problems. This regime helps peers exercise early monitoring and sanctioning by reducing costs of control. It maintains low costs through appropriate use of social resources or `relationships' between members. Sanctioners are chosen because they are structurally close to the infractors, but often also because they are relatively more powerful. Some of the costs of control are shown to be shifted to partners with a specific form of status within the firm, that of uncontroversial `protectors of the common good'. These main sanctioners help prevent situations in which infractors would be reserved preferential treatment because they control resources too important to their close partners.

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