scholarly journals Renewable Energy-Aware Sustainable Cellular Networks with Load Balancing and Energy-Sharing Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9340
Author(s):  
Md. Sanwar Hossain ◽  
Khondoker Ziaul Islam ◽  
Abu Jahid ◽  
Khondokar Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Sarwar Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Outage Probability ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Energy Sharing

With the proliferation of cellular networks, the ubiquitous availability of new-generation multimedia devices, and their wide-ranging data applications, telecom network operators are increasingly deploying the number of cellular base stations (BSs) to deal with unprecedented service demand. The rapid and radical deployment of the cellular network significantly exerts energy consumption and carbon footprints to the atmosphere. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a sustainable and environmentally-friendly cellular infrastructure through compelling utilization of the locally available renewable energy sources (RES) namely solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and biomass generator (BG). This article addresses the key challenges of envisioning the hybrid solar PV/WT/BG powered macro BSs in Bangladesh considering the dynamic profile of the RES and traffic intensity in the tempo-spatial domain. The optimal system architecture and technical criteria of the proposed system are critically evaluated with the help of HOMER optimization software for both on-grid and off-grid conditions to downsize the electricity generation cost and waste outflows while ensuring the desired quality of experience (QoE) over 20 years duration. Besides, the green energy-sharing mechanism under the off-grid condition and the grid-tied condition has been critically analyzed for optimal use of green energy. Moreover, the heuristic algorithm of the load balancing technique among collocated BSs has been incorporated for elevating the throughput and energy efficiency (EE) as well. The spectral efficiency (SE), energy efficiency, and outage probability performance of the contemplated wireless network are substantially examined using Matlab based Monte–Carlo simulation under a wide range of network configurations. Simulation results reveal that the proper load balancing technique pledges zero outage probability with expected system performance whereas energy cooperation policy offers an attractive solution for developing green mobile communications employing better utilization of renewable energy under the proposed hybrid solar PV/WT/BG scheme.

Sustainable Development of Green Energy Technologies in the Republic of Sudan

Green ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdeen Mustafa Omer
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSudan is an agricultural country with fertile soil and ample water resources, as well as livestock and forestry resources, and agricultural residues. Energy is one of the key factors in the development of Sudan's national economy. We present an overview of the energy situation in Sudan, with reference to its end uses and its regional distribution. We separate energy sources into two main types: conventional energy (biomass, petroleum products, and electricity) and non-conventional energy (solar power, wind energy, hydro-electric, etc.). Sudan has a relatively high abundance of sunshine and solar radiation, and has moderate biomass, hydro-electric and wind energy resources. Exploiting the available new and renewable energy sources to provide part of the local energy demand, as alternatives to conventional fossil energy, has become a major issue in Sudan's strategic planning of future energy policies. Sudan presents an important case study with respect to renewable energy, as it has a long history of meeting its energy needs by use of renewable sources; Sudan's portfolio is broad and diverse, due in part to the country's wide range of climates and landscapes. Like many African frontrunners in the utilisation of renewable energy, Sudan has a well-defined commitment to continue research, development, and implementation of new technologies. Sustainable low-carbon energy scenarios in the new century emphasize the importance of exploiting the untapped potential of renewable resources. Sudan's rural areas in particular, can benefit from this transition. The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services will stimulate the development of new alternatives. We conclude that using renewable, environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented, and demonstrated by full-scale energy plants or collection devices, in particular for use in remote rural areas.

scholarly journals Energy-aware caching and collaboration for green communication systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-59
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Content Caching ◽  
Self Powered

Social networks and mobile applications tend to enhance the need for high-quality content access. To meet the growing demand for data services in 5G cellular networks, it is important to develop effective content caching and distribution techniques, to reduce redundant data transmission and thereby improve network efficiency significantly. It is anticipated that energy harvesting and self-powered Small Base Stations' (SBS) are the rudimentary constituents of next-generation cellular networks. However, uncertainties in harvested energy are the primary reasons to opt for energy-efficient (EE) power control schemes to reduce SBS energy consumption and ensure the quality of services for users. Using edge collaborative caching, such EE design can also be achievable via the use of the content cache, decreasing the usage of capacity limited SBSs backhaul and reducing energy utilisation. Renewable energy (RE) harvesting technologies can be leveraged to manage the huge power demands of cellular networks. To reduce carbon footprint and improve energy efficiency, we tailored a more practical approach and propose green caching mechanisms for content distribution that utilise the content caching and renewable energy concept. Simulation results and analysis provide key insights that the proposed caching scheme brings a substantial improvement regarding content availability, cache storage capacity at the edge of cellular networks, enhances energy efficiency, and increases cache collaboration time up to 24%. Furthermore, self-powered base stations and energy harvesting are an ultimate part of next-generation wireless networks, particularly in terms of optimum economic sustainability and green energy in developing countries for the evolution of mobile networks.

scholarly journals A Simple Power Management Scheme with Enhanced Stability for a Solar PV/Wind/Fuel Cell/Grid Fed Hybrid Power Supply Designed for Industrial Loads

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Saravanan ◽  
S. Thangavel
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Power Management ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Pv Panel

This paper proposes a new power conditioner topology with an intelligent power management controller that integrates multiple renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and fuel cell energy with battery and AC grid supply as backup to make the best use of their operating characteristics with better reliability than that could be obtained by single renewable energy source based power supply. The proposed embedded controller is programmed to perform MPPT for solar PV panel and WTG, SOC estimation and battery, maintaining a constant voltage at PCC and power flow control by regulating the reference currents of the controller in an instantaneous basis. The instantaneous variation in reference currents of the controller enhances the controller response as it accommodates the effect of continuously varying solar insolation and wind speed in the power management. It also prioritizes the sources for consumption to achieve maximum usage of green energy than grid energy. The simulation results of the proposed power management system with real-time solar radiation and wind velocity data collected from solar centre, KEC, and experimental results for a sporadically varying load demand are presented in this paper and the results are encouraging from reliability and stability perspectives.

Operation and control of a stand-alone power system with integrated multiple renewable energy sources

2021 ◽  
pp. 0309524X2110241
Author(s):  
Nindra Sekhar ◽  
Natarajan Kumaresan
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Squirrel Cage ◽  
Hysteresis Controller ◽  
Squirrel Cage Induction Generator ◽  
And Control

To overcome the difficulties of extending the main power grid to isolated locations, this paper proposes the local installation of a combination of three renewable energy sources, namely, a wind driven DFIG, a solar PV unit, a biogas driven squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG), and an energy storage battery system. In this configuration one bi-directional SPWM inverter at the rotor side of the DFIG controls the voltage and frequency, to maintain them constant on its stator side, which feeds the load. The PV-battery also supplies the load, through another inverter and a hysteresis controller. Appropriately adding a capacitor bank and a DSTATCOM has also been considered, to share the reactive power requirement of the system. Performance of various modes of operation of this coordinated scheme has been studied through simulation. All the results and relevant waveforms are presented and discussed to validate the successful working of the proposed system.

scholarly journals Lighting System Modernization as a Source of Green Energy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2771
Author(s):  
Leszek Kotulski ◽  
Artur Basiura ◽  
Igor Wojnicki ◽  
Sebastian Siuchta
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Levelized Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Cost Of Electricity ◽  
Lighting Retrofit

The use of formal methods and artificial intelligence has made it possible to automatically design outdoor lighting. Quick design for large cities, in a matter of hours instead of weeks, and analysis of various optimization criteria enables to save energy and tune profit stream from lighting retrofit. Since outdoor lighting is of a large scale, having luminaires on every street in urban areas, and since it needs to be retrofitted every 10 to 15 years, choosing proper parameters and light sources leads to significant energy savings. This paper presents the concept and calculations of Levelized Cost of Electricity for outdoor lighting retrofit. It is understood as cost of energy savings, it is in the range from 23.06 to 54.64 EUR/MWh, based on real-world cases. This makes street and road lighting modernization process the best green “energy source” if compared with the 2018 Fraunhofer Institute cost of electricity renewable energy technologies ranking. This indicates that investment in lighting retrofit is more economically and ecologically viable than investment in new renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Optimal Energy Management of a Grid-Tied Solar PV-Battery Microgrid: A Reinforcement Learning Approach

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2700
Author(s):  
Grace Muriithi ◽  
Sunetra Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Optimal Energy ◽  
Optimal Energy Management

In the near future, microgrids will become more prevalent as they play a critical role in integrating distributed renewable energy resources into the main grid. Nevertheless, renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy can be extremely volatile as they are weather dependent. These resources coupled with demand can lead to random variations on both the generation and load sides, thus complicating optimal energy management. In this article, a reinforcement learning approach has been proposed to deal with this non-stationary scenario, in which the energy management system (EMS) is modelled as a Markov decision process (MDP). A novel modification of the control problem has been presented that improves the use of energy stored in the battery such that the dynamic demand is not subjected to future high grid tariffs. A comprehensive reward function has also been developed which decreases infeasible action explorations thus improving the performance of the data-driven technique. A Q-learning algorithm is then proposed to minimize the operational cost of the microgrid under unknown future information. To assess the performance of the proposed EMS, a comparison study between a trading EMS model and a non-trading case is performed using a typical commercial load curve and PV profile over a 24-h horizon. Numerical simulation results indicate that the agent learns to select an optimized energy schedule that minimizes energy cost (cost of power purchased from the utility and battery wear cost) in all the studied cases. However, comparing the non-trading EMS to the trading EMS model operational costs, the latter one was found to decrease costs by 4.033% in summer season and 2.199% in winter season.

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