scholarly journals Test Rig and Method for Comparative Evaluation of Conventional and Bio-Based Hydraulic Fluids and Lubricants for Agricultural Transmissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Pochi ◽  
Roberto Fanigliulo ◽  
Carlo Bisaglia ◽  
Maurizio Cutini ◽  
Renato Grilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Transmission Oil ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Related Test ◽  
Fluid Test

The use of lubricants and hydraulic fluids of both mineral and synthetic origin in agricultural processes could have a deep impact on the environment as a result of their possible dispersion in the ground and aquifers. Replacing them with bio-based fluids, developed to provide good tribological properties and high biodegradability, could contribute to reducing their negative effects. The evaluation of the capacity of such innovative fluids to replace the conventional ones is based on work cycles lasting as long as their lifetime, during which their characteristics must prove to be at least equal to those of the fluids they replace. To shorten the evaluation process, CREA (Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia Agraria) developed a fluid test rig (FTR) and related test method, able to apply severe work cycles on small oil volumes, thereby accelerating the aging of the fluid beyond what typically occurs. This paper reports the results of the tests on FTR’s functionality carried out comparing two UTTO (Universal Tractor Transmission Oil) fluids: a widespread conventional fluid and an experimental vegetable-based oil. The FTR will permit, in a relatively short time, the assessment of the most promising formulations to be tested later under real working conditions, e.g., in agricultural tractors, reducing the risk of damage, before their ultimate introduction into the operating reality.

scholarly journals Bench Testing of Sensors Utilized for In-Line Monitoring of Lubricants and Hydraulic Fluids Properties

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 8201
Author(s):  
Daniele Pochi ◽  
Renato Grilli ◽  
Laura Fornaciari ◽  
Monica Betto ◽  
Stefano Benigni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Particles ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Machine Maintenance ◽  
Oil Deterioration ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Particle Contamination ◽  
Ferro Magnetic ◽  
Agricultural Tractors ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Bench Testing

This work reports the results of a study on the behaviour of five sensors recently developed for oil conditions monitoring, installed in-line in an experimental test rig for lubricants. The tests were carried out on seven oils of different origins (one synthetic ester, two bio-based synthetic esters, four vegetable oils) and use (two UTTOs and five hydraulic oils), under controlled working conditions, according to a specially designed test method. At first, the study concerned the identification of the conditions for the correct sensors’ installation. Then, the tests started applying to the fluids severe work cycles intended to accelerate oil ageing. The data of viscosity, permittivity, relative humidity, electric conductivity, particle contamination, and ferro-magnetic particles provided by the sensors were compared to the results of laboratory analyses made on oil samples taken during the tests with the aim of verifying the sensors measurements accuracy and reliability and selecting the more suitable ones to in-line oil conditions monitoring, in the perspective of introducing them also in field applications, e.g., on agricultural tractors, for preventing damages due to oil deterioration, and in managing the machine maintenance.

Robust Test Method of TSOP PEMs for Space Application

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasunobu Iwai ◽  
Koichi Shinozaki ◽  
Daiki Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reliability Evaluation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Thermal Shock Test ◽  
Space Application ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Limit Test ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Compared with space parts, consumer parts are highly functional, low cost, compact and lightweight. Therefore, their increased usage in space applications is expected. Prior testing and evaluation on space applicability are necessary because consumer parts do not have quality guarantees for space application [1]. However, in the conventional reliability evaluation method, the test takes a long time, and the problem is that the robustness of the target sample can’t be evaluated in a short time. In this report, we apply to the latest TSOP PEM (Thin Small Outline Package Plastic Encapsulated Microcircuit) an evaluation method that combines preconditioning and HALT (Highly Accelerated Limit Test), which is a test method that causes failures in a short time under very severe environmental conditions. We show that this method can evaluate the robustness of TSOP PEMs including solder connections in a short time. In addition, the validity of this evaluation method for TSOP PEM is shown by comparing with the evaluation results of thermal shock test and life test, which are conventional reliability evaluation methods.

Towards Control of an Estuary

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 155-174
Author(s):  
Henk L. F. Saeijs
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Storm Surge ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Oxygen Depletion ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Intertidal Flats ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Short Time

The Delta Project is in its final stage. In 1974 it was subjected to political reconsideration, but it is scheduled now for completion in 1987. The final touches are being put to the storm-surge barrier and two compartment dams that divide the Oosterschelde into three areas: one tidal, one with reduced tide, and one a freshwater lake. Compartmentalization will result in 13% of channels, 45% of intertidal flats and 59% of salt marshes being lost. There is a net gain of 7% of shallow-water areas. Human interventions with large scale impacts are not new in the Oosterschelde but the large scale and short time in which these interventions are taking place are, as is the creation of a controlled tidal system. This article focusses on the area with reduced tide and compares resent day and expected characteristics. In this reduced tidal part salt marshes will extend by 30–70%; intertidal flats will erode to a lower level and at their edges, and the area of shallow water will increase by 47%. Biomass production on the intertidal flats will decrease, with consequences for crustaceans, fishes and birds. The maximum number of waders counted on one day and the number of ‘bird-days' will decrease drastically, with negative effects for the wader populations of western Europe. The net area with a hard substratum in the reduced tidal part has more than doubled. Channels will become shallower. Detritus import will not change significantly. Stratification and oxygen depletion will be rare and local. The operation of the storm-surge barrier and the closure strategy chosen are very important for the ecosystem. Two optional closure strategies can be followed without any additional environmental consequences. It was essential to determine a clearly defined plan of action for the whole area, and to make land-use choices from the outset. How this was done is briefly described.

scholarly journals Innovative Test Rig for Jet Fuels Thermal Stability Testing / Innowacyjne Stanowisko Badawcze Do Określania Stabilności Termicznej Paliw Lotniczych

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Jarosław Sarnecki
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Stability Testing ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Standard Test Method ◽  
Laboratory Test Method

Abstract The article deals with laboratory test method for jet fuels thermal stability testing. Author described the reasons that led to test rig preparation, its construction and operation principles. Innovative test rig for jet fuels thermal stability testing enables research in wide thermal conditions and different pressures. Testing capabilities and advantages compared with currently used standard test method of jet fuels thermal stability testing according to ASTM D3241 have been also presented

The effects of psychological counseling and acupressure based on couple therapy procedure for alleviation of vomiting and nausea in pregnant women in Iran country

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Saadatnia ◽  
Azita Tiznobaik ◽  
Amir Saber
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Couple Therapy ◽  
Psychological Intervention ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychological Counseling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Objectives Nausea and vomiting have psychological negative effects on some pregnant women during gestation. Different strategies have been used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, such as acupressure and psychological interventions. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of psychological counseling and acupressure based on couple therapy procedures on vomiting and nausea in pregnant women in Iran. Methods Two hundred and eight women were divided into four groups (n=52): 1) they did not any intervention (control group), 2) they received the psychological intervention, 3) they received acupressure intervention, and 4) they received a combination of psychological + acupressure interventions. To investigate the effects of interventions on nausea and vomiting, the Rhodes index of nausea, vomiting and retching were used. The counseling period has lasted for 4 weeks. The pressure intervention on the site was conducted in clockwise form for 1 min and anticlockwise form for another 1 min. Results Groups did not have a significant difference for abortion and income (p>0.05). The effects of counseling, and acupressure interventions on severity and period of vomiting and nausea were not significant (p>0.05), but the intervention based on counseling and acupressure decreased severity of vomiting and nausea (p<0.05). Conclusions The intervention based on counseling and acupressure could not reduce nausea and vomiting during the gestation, but the intervention based on a combination of both decreased nausea and vomiting. It can be suggested to apply an intervention based on a combination of counseling and acupressure in short-time period for decreasing nausea and vomiting in women during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Global analysis of DEF damage to concretes with and without fly-ash

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Pagan Hasparyk ◽  
Dioice Schovanz ◽  
Francieli Tiecher ◽  
Selmo Chapira Kuperman
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Ettringite Formation ◽  
Pozzolanic Cement ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Delayed Ettringite formation (DEF) is an internal expansive reaction that can damage concrete. DEF is strongly influenced by the temperature, above about 60-65°C, and other factors involving cement chemistry especially, but also its physical characteristics. The exposure environment over time also promotes a condition to increase deterioration from DEF. Expansions results from secondary ettringite formation are progressive and can lead concrete to microcracking impacting its performance and durability over time. Several concrete structures are pointed to be severely attacked by DEF, and test method as well a better comprehension on this pathology is necessary to promote specific and proper preventive measures to avoid future damages. Furthermore, compared to alkali-silica reaction, DEF occurs more readily and aggressively, and sometimes prematurely, depending on several factors, such as type of cement, concrete mix design, exposure conditions, among others. This paper involves an overall analysis of the behavior of concretes with two types of Portland cements (High early-strength cement and a Portland pozzolanic cement, with fly-ash) in relation to DEF process. Several data from a laboratory study where DEF was induced through a specific thermal curing procedure are presented and discussed. The analyses involved the assessment of physical, mechanical, and expansive properties besides microstructural monitoring of samples from concretes over time. These experiments allowed detecting high values of expansions from DEF (up to 1.2%) in the concrete without fly ash. The mechanical properties were severely impacted from this deleterious process; as expansions increased, losses in the mechanic and elastic properties were verified. Expansion levels in the order of 0.5% prompted remarkably high reductions and, at about 1% the losses were relevant for both strengths (tensile and compressive) and modulus of elasticity, of 60% and 80%, respectively, in the presence of cement without fly-ash. Concrete microstructure has indicated massive formations of ettringite as well as micro-cracking and the fragility of the cement matrix because of DEF. On the other hand, expansion up to 0.2% did not promote important negative effects on the properties of concrete, especially with the pozzolanic cement tested. Furthermore, an overall approach with several correlations between physical and mechanical properties was taken to obtain different levels of deterioration for a concrete presenting DEF.

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