scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of the Spatial Extent of Land Subsidence and Aquifer System Drainage Induced by Underground Mining

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 7871
Author(s):  
Artur Guzy ◽  
Agnieszka A. Malinowska
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Hydrogeological Model ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
The Impact

The environmental impact assessment of underground mining usually includes the direct effects of exploitation. These are damage to rock mass and land subsidence. Continuous dewatering of the aquifer system is, however, necessary to carry out underground mining operations. Consequently, the drainage of the aquifer system is observed at a regional scale. The spatial extent of the phenomenon is typically much wider than the direct impact of the exploitation. The research presented was, therefore, aimed at evaluating both the direct and the indirect effects of underground mining. Firstly, the spatial extent of land subsidence was determined based on the Knothe theory. Secondly, underground mining-induced drainage of the aquifers was modeled. The 3D finite-difference hydrogeological model was constructed based on the conventional groundwater flow theory. The values of model hydrogeological parameters were determined based on literature and empirical data. These data were also used for model calibration. Finally, the results of the calculations were compared successfully with the field data. The research results presented indicate that underground mining’s indirect effects cover a much larger area than direct effects. Thus, underground mining requires a broader environmental assessment. Our results can, therefore, pave the way for more efficient management of groundwater considering underground mining.

scholarly journals Land Subsidence Estimation for Aquifer Drainage Induced by Underground Mining

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4658
Author(s):  
Artur Guzy ◽  
Wojciech T. Witkowski
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Method Model ◽  
Impact Of Mining

Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal induced by mining is a relatively unknown phenomenon. This is primarily due to the small scale of such movements compared to the land subsidence caused by deposit extraction. Nonetheless, the environmental impact of drainage-related land subsidence remains underestimated. The research was carried out in the “Bogdanka” coal mine in Poland. First, the historical impact of mining on land subsidence and groundwater head changes was investigated. The outcomes of these studies were used to construct the influence method model. With field data, our model was successfully calibrated and validated. Finally, it was used for land subsidence estimation for 2030. As per the findings, the field of mining exploitation has the greatest land subsidence. In 2014, the maximum value of the phenomenon was 0.313 cm. However, this value will reach 0.364 m by 2030. The spatial extent of land subsidence caused by mining-induced drainage extends up to 20 km beyond the mining area’s boundaries. The presented model provided land subsidence patterns without the need for a complex numerical subsidence model. As a result, the method presented can be effectively used for land subsidence regulation plans considering the impact of mining on the aquifer system.

scholarly journals Consequentialism, Indirect Effects and Fair Trade

Utilitas ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW WALTON
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Positive Direct ◽  
The Impact

In this article I consider two consequentialist positions on whether individuals in affluent countries ought to purchase Fair Trade goods. One is a narrow argument, which asserts that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because this will have positive direct effects on poverty reduction, by, for example, channelling money into development. I argue that this justification is insufficient to show that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because individuals could achieve similar results by donating money to charity and, therefore, without purchasing Fair Trade goods. The second position has a wider focus. It notes both the direct effects of purchasing Fair Trade goods and possible indirect effects, such as the impact this might have on other individuals. I argue that certain actions, of which Fair Trade is one example, will be more likely to encourage individuals who would not otherwise contribute to poverty reduction to contribute and that this may produce additional positive value. Although space prohibits specific conclusions about Fair Trade, I note that considerations of this kind could give us reason to purchase such goods beyond those that issue from the direct effects of doing so and that, as such, they are crucial for determining whether individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods.

scholarly journals The legal status of religious minorities: Exploring the impact of the European Court of Human Rights

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Effie Fokas
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Religious Minorities ◽  
European Court ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
The Impact

In the last 25 years the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has evolved into a venue where some of the most contentious questions related to religion in European society are addressed. This article focuses on the grassroots level impact of the ECtHR in the domain of legal status of religious minorities. In light of scholarly debates questioning the direct effects of courts on the issues they address (i.e., legal reform and policy change), the research on which this article is based explores the nature and extent of the Court’s indirect effects on the legal status of religious minorities: how and to what extent does the ECtHR impact upon religious minorities in terms of their conceptions of, discourse around, and mobilisations pursuing their legal status-related rights? This question is addressed through results of empirical qualitative research conducted at the grassroots level in four country cases – Greece, Italy, Romania and Turkey.

scholarly journals The Multiple Effects of Procurement Price on Production and Procurement of Wheat in Pakistan

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Pinckney
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Government Procurement ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Procurement Price ◽  
The Impact

An increase in the procurement price affects government procurement of wheat in at least four ways. Properly estimating the total effect requires taking account of both the direct effects of an increased share of marketed surplus being procured and the indirect effects through the impact on production, marketed surplus, and the wholesale price. Estimates are that a real one-rupee increase per 40 kilograms - approximately 1.25 percent - will raise procurement by about 90 thousand tons.

scholarly journals Conceptual and numerical modeling approach of the Guarani Aquifer System

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Rodríguez ◽  
L. Vives ◽  
A. Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Budget ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Guarani Aquifer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In large aquifers, relevant for their considerable size, regional groundwater modeling remains challenging given geologic complexity and data scarcity in space and time. Yet, it may be conjectured that regional scale groundwater flow models can help in understanding the flow system functioning and the relative magnitude of water budget components, which are important for aquifer management. The Guaraní Aquifer System is the largest transboundary aquifer in South America. It contains an enormous volume of water; however, it is not well known, being difficult to assess the impact of exploitation currently used to supply over 25 million inhabitants. This is a sensitive issue because the aquifer is shared by four countries. Moreover, an integrated groundwater model, and therefore a global water balance, were not available. In this work, a transient regional scale model for the entire aquifer based upon five simplified, equally plausible conceptual models represented by different hydraulic conductivity parametrizations is used to analyze the flow system and water balance components. Combining an increasing number of hydraulic conductivity zones and an appropriate set of boundary conditions, the hypothesis of a continuous sedimentary unit yielded errors within the calibration target in a regional sense. The magnitude of the water budget terms resulted very similar for all parametrizations. Recharge and stream/aquifer fluxes were the dominant components representing, on average, 84.2% of total inflows and 61.4% of total outflows, respectively. However, leakage was small compared to stream discharges of main rivers. For instance, the simulated average leakage for the Uruguay River was 8 m3 s−1 while the observed absolute minimum discharge was 382 m3 s−1. Streams located in heavily pumped regions switched from a gaining condition in early years to a losing condition over time. Water is discharged through the aquifer boundaries, except at the eastern boundary. On average, pumping represented 16.2% of inflows while aquifer storage experienced a small overall increment. The model water balance indicates that the current rate of groundwater withdrawals does not exceed the rate of recharge in a regional sense.

scholarly journals Assessment of Subsidence Risk Associated with Brackish Groundwater Development in the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer, Houston, Texas, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 ◽  
pp. 437-441
Author(s):  
Neil Deeds ◽  
Michael Turco ◽  
Van Kelley ◽  
Christina Petersen ◽  
Susan Baird
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Groundwater Development ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Gulf Coast Aquifer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coastal Lowlands

Abstract. Significant undeveloped brackish groundwater resources exist within the Coastal Lowlands Aquifer System (Gulf Coast Aquifer System) near Houston, Texas, USA. As the development of these frontier resources is imminent, an improved understanding of the impact development may have on the availability of the resource and land subsidence is needed. In this region, land subsidence is caused by the depressurization of the aquifer and compaction of the many clay lenses in the subsurface. The Gulf Coast Aquifer System in the study area includes three primary water bearing units (from shallow to deep): the Chicot (Pleistocene and Pliocene) and Evangeline (Pliocene and Miocene) aquifers, and the Jasper aquifer (Miocene). Although there has been much research and data supporting the causal relation between water-level decline and subsidence in the areas of fresh groundwater development, little data exists to inform on the potential subsidence impacts upon deeper brackish groundwater development. Data were compiled, and multiple hydrologic parameters were utilized to improve the understanding of the brackish resources within the study area. Geophysical logs were compiled and analysed to refine the aquifer stratigraphy, determine the binary classification of sand and clay, and estimate the groundwater salinity. These data were used to develop a MODFLOW groundwater flow model to estimate the risk of compaction and land subsidence upon the development of brackish zones within the Jasper aquifer. Compiled data detailing the total clay thickness, clay bed thickness, and clay bed location were input into the model along with a hypothetical stress to predict compaction within the Jasper aquifer across the study area while incorporating the observed heterogeneity in clay properties. Using the results from the model simulations and two other risk performance measures (depth of burial and surface flood risk), the total subsidence normalized risk score was estimated. The results of this study confirm the potential for compaction in the Jasper aquifer and for land subsidence to occur upon development. Areas with the highest risk are located in the up-dip, inland areas, near where the aquifer becomes fresh and is currently used for municipal supply. The results will inform water managers and planners in the Houston area on the future availability of brackish groundwater resources.

Direct and Indirect Effects of Income Inequality On Economic Growth Through Political Economy

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Goksu Aslan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Transmission Channels ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

In addition to its direct effects, income inequality may affect economic growth indirectly through various transmission channels. Negative effects may arise from a political economy, socio-political instability, and credit market imperfections. In other words, inequality may have indirect effects on economic growth through these transmission channels. In this article, the focus is on testing the impact of income inequality through the political economy channel, using several types of taxes as the proxy for redistributive pressure. In order to test the possible effects through these channels, income inequality, taxation, and related interaction terms are added into the growth model. The results show that there is a significant negative interaction between income inequality and tax channels. This interaction is also justified with the tax index calculated by the PCA. Marginal effects of the related tax channels are interpreted for different levels of income inequality.

The Impact of Students' Perceptions of Assessment Tasks on Self-Eefficacy and Perception of Task Value: A Path Analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1681-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussain Alkharusi ◽  
Said Aldhafri ◽  
Hilal Alnabhani ◽  
Muna Alkalbani
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Task Value ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Assessment Tasks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Using path analysis, we examined the direct effects of students' perceptions of assessment tasks on self-efficacy, and the indirect effects through the students' perception of task value. Data were collected from 2,137 school students in Oman. Their perceptions in terms of congruence with planned learning, authenticity, student consultation, transparency, and diversity were measured using Alkharusi's (2013) Arabic version of Dorman and Knightley's (2006) Perceptions of Assessment Tasks Inventory. Task value and self-efficacy were measured using items from Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, and Mckeachie's (1993) Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. Results showed that congruence with planned learning and authenticity had direct effects on self-efficacy. Student consultation and diversity affected self-efficacy indirectly via task value. Transparency had a direct positive effect on self-efficacy. Therefore, students' perceptions of assessment tasks had both direct and indirect effects on their self-efficacy and their perception of task value.

scholarly journals Simulation Possibilites of the Post-Mining Goafs Impact on the Deformations Induced by Next Underground Mining Operations with Use of the Cellular Automata Method

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sikora Paweł
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Upper Silesian Coal Basin ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Underground mining operations in the area of a rock mass affected by previous exploitation may cause additional deformations to appear on the surface. The size of these deformations can be significant, and their character is often non-linear. The nature of these deformations cannot be justified solely by the impact of current mining operations. At the same time, the predictive method of S. Knothe, widely used in Poland, does not explicitly include these types of phenomena. In the area of intensive and long-term mining exploitation, such as the Upper Silesian Coal Basin, the practical possibility of simulating this occurrence may be helpful in the planning of new mining exploitation under construction objects. Today we are usually limited to numerical modelling methods like finite difference method (FDM). This one base on the principle of mechanical similarity. The theoretical usefulness of method (and its similar) has already been proven many times. The main impediment to its practical application is the lack of recognition of the rock mass in terms of its mechanical properties. The presented method is a new approach to the possibility of modelling the subject phenomenon. The method has not been used in practical forecasting mining area deformation caused by underground deposits mining. It’s characterized by a huge potential for further development.

scholarly journals Influence of the parameters of the layer of ore being brought down on its freezing and losses during the face ore draw

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Vladimir Zubkov ◽  
Dmitrii Petrov ◽  
Dosanbai Bekbergenov
Keyword(s):  
Physical Simulation ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Underground Mines ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Cryolithic Zone ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Broken Ore

Application of mining systems with ore caving and adjacent strata, which do not entail high expenditures on delivery of freed ore and rock pressure management, allows to considerably increase efficiency of underground mining of ore deposits in the cryolithic zone. However, their use where permafrost formations are prevalent, requires taking into account factors complicating mining operations, in particular, the congealing of broken ore in the stoping zone. In order to assess the impact of thermal and humidity conditions on the completeness of reserves recovery, a study was carried out to determine the dependence between the volume of losses of broken ore prone to congealing and the width and height of the layer being brought down. Experimental studies were conducted by physical simulation in a cryo chamber on a laboratory bench. The ore drawing was conducted in a uniform sequence at the temperature in the stoping zone of minus 5 ˚C. The final parameter to be determined the loss of ore prone to congealing, was defined as the difference between the mass of ore in the block and the mass of ore drawn. It has been established that the losses of the broken ore due to congealing increase significantly when the depth of the layer being freed decreases and the width increases. The established patterns of influence of parameters of a beaten layer on losses of ore mass will be used during development of recommendations on technology of drawing of ore mass prone to congealing in the negative thermal conditions of underground mines of a cryolithic zone.

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