scholarly journals Reducing Road Transport Emissions in Europe: Investigating A Demand Side Driven Approach †

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7594
Author(s):  
Johannes Enzmann ◽  
Marc Ringel
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Expert Interview ◽  
Transport Emissions

The European Union aims at net-zero emissions by 2050. A key sector to achieve this goal is road transport, where emissions show no signs of reducing but continue to grow. A review of policies undertaken by EU member states and the G20 to reduce transport emissions reveals that both present and planned policies focus on binding supply-side measures, but offer only weak demand-side incentives. To address this imbalance, we developed a downstream, demand-side policy prototype through an expert interview design process. We call the prototype “cap-and-surrender” because it caps road emissions, and then allocates tradable emission allowances to individual vehicles that drivers surrender at each fill-up. Allowance pricing, both by the state and in the secondary market, is designed to incentivize decarbonization of the sector. Though the system would require significant investment, its revenue potential to the state should exceed this investment by several multiples. We discuss the potential economic, environmental and social impacts of the policy, as assessed by European transport experts. We find that the approach can deliver significant transport emission reductions in an effective and economically efficient manner. Through the appropriate design of national allocation rules and a gradual phasing in of cap and surrender, potential negative social consequences can be mitigated, and public acceptance of the policy promoted.

Scratching the heart of the artichoke? How international institutions and the European Union constrain the state monopoly of force

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Herschinger ◽  
Markus Jachtenfuchs ◽  
Christiane Kraft-Kasack
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Court ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Over Time

In recent years, a growing literature has argued that European Union (EU) member states have undergone a profound transformation caused by international institutions and by the EU, in particular. However, the state core – the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force, embodied by the police – seemed to remain intact. The literature has argued that in this area, international institutions are weak, and cooperation has remained informal and intergovernmental. We take issue with these claims and evaluate the strength of international institutions in two core areas of policing (terrorism and drugs) over time. We find that in terms of decision-making, precision, and adjudication, international institutions have become considerably stronger over time. Even when international institutions remain intergovernmental they strongly regulate how EU member states exercise their monopoly of force. Member states are even further constrained because adjudication is delegated to the European Court of Justice. Thus, even the state core is undergoing a significant transformation.

Reforming Land Relations in Ukraine: Experience of Foreign Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Ivan Mytsenko ◽  
◽  
Tetyana Reshytko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Secondary Market ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Land Relations

Theoretical and practical approaches to the formation of land market in Ukraine are considered in the article. The views of scientists and practitioners on the problem of creating land market are summarized. It has been proven that land market is vital for agriculture and rural residents. It allows using land as collateral for agricultural enterprises. It is a source of income for farmers and allows land to move to a more efficient owner. It is investigated that during the transformations in the agricultural sector of Ukraine, the state monopoly on land was abolished, agricultural enterprises were privatized, new market structures were created, that is preconditions were created for the introduction of market land turnover and formation of the secondary market of agricultural land. Today it is obvious that further regulation of land relations is needed to ensure effective development of newly created economic agricultural formations. The lack of a real market for agricultural land hinders their efficient distribution and restrains long-term investment in land and agriculture in general. The history of reforming land relations of foreign countries is analyzed and systematized. Peculiarities of land markets formation and organization of lease land relations in the countries of the world are shown. It is studied that the state regulation of the agricultural land market of the EU member states is aimed at preserving land, preventing excessive concentration or fragmentation of land, sale of land primarily to farmers who have experience in agricultural production and live in the area. The issue of the land market is especially acute for countries with economies in transition, including Ukraine. Of particular note is the lease of agricultural land, which is the main form of land relations in many countries. The need to apply positive foreign experience in creating a market for agricultural land in Ukraine is indicated.

scholarly journals THE EU COMMISSION'S PROPOSAL TO REVISE THE BRUSSELS IIa REGULATION: SHORTCOMINGS OF THE “OVERRIDING RULE”

TEME ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 901
Author(s):  
Sanja Marjanovic
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Member States ◽  
Child Abduction ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

As the procedure for the revision of the Brussels IIa Regulation is currently pending in the European Union, this paper focuses on the two issues which are correlated through the so-called “overriding rule” mechanism. The first problem concerns the proceeding on the return of the wrongfully removed or retained child involving two EU Member States – the State of refuge and the State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the abduction. The second one tackles the proceeding, currently regulated in the Brussels IIa, on the rights of custody (parental responsibility) when the return of the child was refused in the EU State on the grounds of Art. 13 of the Hague Child Abduction Convention. The proposals for the revision of the Brussels IIa Regulation heavily involve these issues. In that respect, the author indicates certain shortcomings and inconsistencies of the amendments proposed by the European Commission in the Proposal to Revise the Brussels IIa Regulation (2016) and the latest compromise solutions suggested by the Presidency to the Council in the General Approach to the Recast of Brussels IIa (2018). At the same time, the paper suggests two possible ways in which the balance between the principle of mutual trust between the EU Member States and the principle of the child's best interest could be better balanced. From the perspective of Private International Law of the Republic of Serbia, the revision of the Brussels IIa Regulation is important in view of Serbia’s candidate status for EU membership and the need to keep an eye on changes to the secondary EU legislation.

Balancing market needs and environmental protection: Vehicle approval in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 500-515
Author(s):  
Diego Zannoni
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
International Standards ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Propulsion Systems ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Regulatory Instruments ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
The One

Road transport today is responsible for almost a quarter of Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions, and poses a set of challenges. Traditional regulatory instruments, adopted by the European Union to reduce vehicle emissions, are increasingly accompanied by measures that promote the use of alternative fuels and propulsion systems that would drastically reduce, if not reset, CO2 emissions. Some EU Member States are even planning to adopt more drastic measures: banning future sales of petrol and diesel cars. The article will attempt to highlight the special relationship that can be drawn between common market needs on the one hand, and protecting human health and the environment on the other, and then between EU and broader international standards. Both intertwine when enacting and then assessing the normative framework applicable to vehicles, culminating in the complex assessment of EU norms that regulate the approval of types of vehicles. The objective is to consider the current law framework, pointing out its weaknesses and making some de iure condendo proposals.

scholarly journals Analysis of the State and Trends of Ukraine’s Foreign Trade with the EU

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Author(s):  
Т. M. Bulakh ◽  
О. A. Ivashchenko ◽  
L. O. Plakhotnikova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Negative Balance ◽  
The Eu

Presently, Ukraine is highly integrated into the global economic area and maintains foreign trade relations with more than 200 countries. The European Union (EU) is one of the most important foreign trade partners of Ukraine. Therefore, the analysis of Ukraine’s foreign trade is important for taking effective management decisions and promoting reasonable changes in the economic policy. The article analyzes the state and trends of Ukraine’s foreign trade with the EU. Its features and dynamics are revealed. The changes in the structure of exports and imports of Ukraine after the signing of the Free Trade Agreement are as follows: export values reaching the pre-crisis level of 2014; the sustained dominance of agricultural and food industry products; the commodity structure of exports could be diversified; imports of goods to Ukraine from the EU in 2012–2017 decreased at a slower pace than the total imports of goods to Ukraine; after a negative trend in 2012–2015, the imports increased by 3658.5 million USD in 2017, signaling that the imports to Ukraine from the EU were recovering at a faster pace than the Ukrainian exports to the EU; the balance of foreign trade in goods between Ukraine and the EU for the period of the study was negative. Measures to improve the development of foreign trade of Ukraine in the context of deepening European integration processes are proposed: to increase the support for national producers;  to intensify export cooperation with the EU member states with which Ukraine has a negative balance; to attract exporters from non-EU countries to locate production facilities on the territory of Ukraine with the prospects of their exports to European markets; to introduce uniform standards of certification and standardization of products in Ukraine; to develop a strategy to increase exports of nationally produced goods and services to EU markets and reduce imports to Ukraine; to intensify cooperation with the EU on issues of import substitution in Ukraine.

scholarly journals Exploring the Impact of Policy on Road Transport in 2050

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huw Davies
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicle ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Transport Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Within the 28 member states of the European Union (EU-28), 71.7% of transport emissions in 2017 were due to road transport and a policy commitment was made to reduce emissions from the transport sector as a whole by 60% by 2050 (against a 1990 baseline) (1). Going forward, and supported by policy, a stratification of passenger car powertrain options is anticipated, with customers able to choose from a zero-tailpipe emission battery electric vehicle (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) or a selection of hybridised vehicles ranging from a mild to a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Further to this, technology improvements and connectivity between vehicle and energy generation and supply offer further opportunities to accelerate reduction in carbon emissions in the transport sector. The structure of this new transport paradigm is pathway dependent. Multiple conflicts exist, pulling the system in different directions and threatening its sustainability. This paper explores the link between policy and the impact this has upon the direction that road transport is taking, focusing on technology options and highlighting some of the dichotomies that exist between policy and the requirement for a sustainable road transport solution.

scholarly journals The EU Charter of Rights and Brexit Effect on the Implementation of Economic and Social Rights among EU Member States

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Nirmala Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Eu

This article examines the extent to which the inclusion of the European Union (EU) Charter of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Treaty of Lisbon which gives legal force to socio-economic rights as well as civil and political rights,conomic will succeed in helping EU member states meet international treaty obligations to implement socio-economic rights. Will the EU’s renewed commitment to developing the social sphere, post-Brexit, be more successful and will British citizens lose out on socio-economic rights in the long term if the EU succeeds in creating a better social or public dimension? Member states of the EU that have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) have obligations to progressively realise economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights. Progress on this has been slow and potentially made more difficult by the economic direction adopted by the EU since the 1980s. Although the EU, from the beginning, saw itself as a “social market” it struggled to embed the “social” to the same extent that it embedded the “market”. Critics argue that the economic policies of the EU and key judgements of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) successfully dis-embedded the market from its social context. Additionally, the regulatory regime of the EU developed in a direction that limited the capacity of nation states to ameliorate the consequences of market-led policies for the least advantaged. However, the Charter of Rights, which places socio-economic rights on an equal footing with civil and political rights, is a novel and bold initiative. It has stimulated debate on whether the Charter could rebalance the EU’s economic agenda by paying attention to the social consequences of predominantly market-led policies. This paper examines the potential impact of the EU Charter, in the context of member states international human rights obligations, to create an environment where member states of the EU have fewer obstacles to the “progressive realization” of ESC rights.

scholarly journals The private security and the uniform system of cross-border (security) of transport of cash between Euro-area Member States

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Ljubomir Stajić ◽  
Goran Mandić ◽  
Nenad Radivojević
Keyword(s):  
Euro Area ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Private Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Almost All

With the creation of the European Union (EU), the signing of the Maastricht Agreement, the introduction of the single market and freedom of movement of labor and the introduction of the Euro as a common currency, the problem of cross-border road transport of cash and valuables between eurozone members arose. This is because almost all EU member states had more or less different solutions and practices for this type of transport. The EU tried to solve the problem by adopting Regulation No. 1214/2011 on professional cross-border road transport of cash between Euro-area Member States. The mentioned Regulation successfully solved many problems related to this issue, such as: issuance of appropriate permits (licences), maximum duration of delivery, rights and obligations of teams, necessary knowledge and skills of security staff, carrying weapons in the host country, type and equipment of vehicles, mutual information, etc. Although the intention was to establish a unified system of cross-border money transport, in addition to significant progress in the functioning of private security, it can be said that because some countries have retained their specifics, a unified system with the same rules has not been fully established. The paper presents and deals with the advantages and disadvantages of a single system (securing) of cross - border transport of cash under the said Regulation. The Republic of Serbia, as a country on the path to EU membership, has a special interest in getting to know and preparing in time for the harmonization of its legal solutions and practices which regulate the mentioned area (activity) of private security.

scholarly journals FISCAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 148-156
Author(s):  
Oleksiy PLOTNIKOV ◽  
◽  
Olena BORZENKO ◽  
Tamara PANFILOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fiscal Institutions ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Core ◽  
Destructive Processes ◽  
The Eu

Transformation processes of the fiscal sphere of the EU concerning the development of fiscal institutions in the context of the system-forming component of both integration and disintegration processes are considered. The EU fiscal institutions play an important role in shaping the core, not only from the economic side, but also from the political one. It is thanks to the fiscal institutions that the materialization of the political influence on the EU member states and the feedback is carried out. The transformational processes of the fiscal sphere are related to: expenditure policies (volume optimization and streamlining of the structure and increase of the efficiency of spending public resources), income generation (adjusting the taxation system, increasing the efficiency of administering tax payments, reducing the shadow economy, improving the conditions of lending to the real sector, improving the state support of small and medium business) and financing the public administration sector (reducing the deficit of the state social funds, limiting the volume and forming the optimal structure of government borrowing), etc. The essence of the main functions of the EU fiscal institutions (generating, distributing and controlling) as the core-forming elements of its architecture in the constructive and destructive directions of development is determined. The current state of development of transformational processes in the European Union in two main directions – constructive and destructive – is described. The constructive direction implies further enlargement of the European Union with the use of appropriate procedures. Destructive direction involves the exit of countries from the European Union and the restoration of all attributes of a country that is not part of these or other associations. It is formulated that fiscal institutions in the destructive direction of development will play a suppressive role. Moreover, the higher level of integration was achieved by this country, the more restrictive the role of fiscal institutions will be in the case of destructive processes. For Ukraine, the emphasis on fiscal institutions in their respective capacities may be useful for further deepening of cooperation with the European Union and adjusting already implemented steps.

scholarly journals Defining Approaches To The Classification Of Criminal Procedure Policies Of EU Member States

2019 ◽  
pp. 166-177
Author(s):  
Yu.I. Mykytyn
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
The State ◽  
Type Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Member States ◽  
Model Type ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

This article analyzes the approaches to the classification of criminal procedural policiesof EU Member States. The basic variants of classifications of models (types) of criminal procedure policies of the EU Member States are investigated. It is considered that in the context of defining approaches to the classification of criminal procedural policies of the Member States of the European Union, it would be optimal to simultaneously use the terms «model» and «type» of criminal procedural policy as universal synonymous categories, that reflecting both European and Ukrainian legal traditions. Despite the tendency to unification and converge criminal procedural legislation of EU Member States on the basis of EU standards, criminal procedural policies in such countries have significant differences. Belonging to a particular model (type) of criminal procedure policy is determined on the basis of the content of the legal system of a particular EU Member State and is conditioned by various factors. First of all, there are two basic models (types) of criminal procedural policies of EU Member States at the global level: Anglo-Saxon and Continental (Romano-German). The Continental (Romano-German) model (type) of criminal procedure policy has the following types: French (Romance), German and Swedish (Scandinavian). The German type (model) had the greatest influence on the formulation of criminal (type), the following subspecies are distinguished: Central and Eastern European, Baltic, Balkan. The models (types) of criminal procedure policies of EU Member States can be classified on the basis of such a criterion as the form of the state. Thus, the form of state government can distinguish the constitutional monarchical model (type) of criminal procedural policy and the republican model (type) of criminal procedural policy. In turn, the republican model (type) of criminal procedural policy is of two types, semi-presidential and parliamentary. It should be emphasized that the EU Member States are not characterized by the presidential kind of the model (type) of republican criminal procedural policy. According to the form of the state system there are a unitary and a federal model (type) of criminal procedure policy. According to the form of state regime, all EU Member States belong to the democratic model (type) of criminal procedure policy. One of the criteria for the classification of models (types) of criminal procedural policies is the methodology of codification of criminal procedural law. According to this criterion, it is possible to distinguish classical continental, Swedish (Scandinavian) and Anglo-Saxon model (type) of criminal procedure policy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document