scholarly journals Jockey Career Length and Risk Factors for Loss from Thoroughbred Race Riding

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7443
Author(s):  
Kylie Legg ◽  
Darryl Cochrane ◽  
Erica Gee ◽  
Chris Rogers

Professional thoroughbred racing jockeys repeatedly work close to physiological capacity during races, whilst maintaining low body weights, on a daily basis with no off-season. The effects of this on their career length is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the career lengths and reasons for loss from the industry of 674 jockeys and apprentices who rode over 14 racing seasons and 421,596 race day starts in New Zealand. Descriptors were compared between jockeys in short (1–2 years), middle (3–9 years) and long (>10 years) career cohorts with descriptive statistics and Kaplan–Meier survival curves. The median career length for jockeys was 2 years (IQR 1–6). Long career cohort jockeys (11%) had lower carried weights (IQR 56–57 kg, p = 0.03), 40 times the median number of rides per season (248, IQR 61–434, p < 0.001), half the rate per 1000 rides of falling (1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2, p = 0.009) and 1.3 times the rate of winning (100, 95% CI 99–101, p < 0.01) than jockeys in the short career cohort. Jockeys who rode over 200 races per season had careers three times longer than jockeys with fewer races per season (p < 0.001). Half of the 40% of jockeys who failed to complete their apprenticeship were lost from the industry in their first year of race riding. In conclusion, most jockeys had short careers where the workload of a jockey and their ability to obtain rides had greater impact on career longevity than their performance.

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte F. Bolwell ◽  
Chris W. Rogers ◽  
Erica K. Gee ◽  
Sarah M. Rosanowski

The aim of the present study was to describe the pattern of flat and jump races and starts, including temporal trends, in Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand. Data on all race starts between 1 August 2005 and 31 July 2011 were supplied by New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data at both race and start level, stratified by flat and jumps races. In total, 96% of races run were flat races and most races and starts occurred in the Northern region. There was an even distribution of flat races across season of the year, whereas most (60%; 514/863) jumps races were run in winter followed by autumn (21%; 183/863), with no races run in summer. Irrespective of region or season, most flat races were run on Good (37%; 7505/20 091) tracks and most (45%; 384/863) jumps races were run on Heavy tracks. There was no change in the number of horses per race or starts per horse across the years studied, and the median number of starts per trainer was 14 (interquartile range 6–38) for flat races and 3 (interquartile range 2–6) for jumps races. The results showed there is a relatively consistent product offered for Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand, which is primarily focussed on flat racing. The study provided baseline data on the pattern of Thoroughbred racing in New Zealand, which can be used as background for future industry-related studies.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 2287-2293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prem N. Ramkumar ◽  
Sergio M. Navarro ◽  
Heather S. Haeberle ◽  
Bryan C. Luu ◽  
Albert Jang ◽  
...  

Background: The incidence and effect of sports-related concussions (SRCs) within the global sport of professional soccer is poorly described. Purpose: To comparatively examine the effects of SRC on athletes in Major League Soccer (MLS) and the English Premier League (EPL) in terms of incidence, return to play (RTP), performance, and career longevity. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Contracts, transactions, injury reports, and performance statistics from 2008 to 2017 were obtained and cross-referenced across 6 publicly available websites detailing MLS and EPL data, including official league publications. For each league, players who sustained a concussion were compared with the 2008-2017 uninjured player pool. RTP and games missed were analyzed and compared. Career length was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Player performance changes were evaluated before and after concussion. Results: Of the 1784 eligible MLS and 2001 eligible EPL players evaluated over the 10-year period, the incidence of publicly reported concussions per 1000 athlete-exposures was 20.22 and 18.68, respectively ( P = .53). The incidence of reported concussions steadily increased in both leagues. MLS players missed a mean 7.3 games after concussion (37.0 days missed); EPL players missed a mean 0.6 games after concussion (10.9 days missed) ( P < .0001, P < .0001). Statistical performance in terms of games started, assists, shots on goal, and total shots after concussion was significantly reduced at all nongoalie positions for players in the EPL; however, MLS nongoalie positions with concussion had no significant decreases in these categories. Goalies in both leagues had no significant change in performance or games started. The probability of playing a full season after concussion was not significantly decreased when compared with the uninjured pool in both leagues. Conclusion: This study established the SRC incidence among elite soccer players in 2 international professional leagues and identified major RTP and performance differences between EPL and MLS players. While career longevity was unaffected, the approach to managing concussion as in MLS may better promote player safety and preserve on-field performance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Bley ◽  
Jonas Denecke ◽  
Alfried Kohlschütter ◽  
Gerhard Schön ◽  
Sandra Hischke ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Canavan disease (CD, MIM # 271900) is a rare and devastating leukodystrophy of early childhood. To identify clinical features that could serve as endpoints for treatment trials, the clinical course of CD was studied retrospectively and prospectively in 23 CD patients. Results were compared with data of CD patients reported in three prior large series. Kaplan Meier survival analysis including log rank test was performed for pooled data of 82 CD patients (study cohort and literature patients). Results Onset of symptoms was between 0 and 6 months. Psychomotor development of patients was limited to abilities that are usually gained within the first year of life. Macrocephaly became apparent between 4 and 18 months of age. Seizure frequency was highest towards the end of the first decade. Ethnic background was more diverse than in studies previously reported. A CD severity score with assessment of 11 symptoms and abilities was developed. Conclusions Early hallmarks of CD are severe psychomotor disability and macrocephaly that develop within the first 18 months of life. While rare in the first year of life, seizures increase in frequency over time in most patients. CD occurs more frequently outside Ashkenazi Jewish communities than previously reported. Concordance of phenotypes between siblings but not patients with identical ASPA mutations suggest the influence of yet unknown modifiers. A CD severity score may allow for assessment of CD disease severity both retrospectively and prospectively.


F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Julian Hirt ◽  
Abeelan Rasadurai ◽  
Matthias Briel ◽  
Pascal Düblin ◽  
Perrine Janiaud ◽  
...  

Background: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented volume of almost 3,000 clinical trials registered worldwide. We aimed to describe the COVID-19 clinical trial research agenda in Germany during the first year of the pandemic. Methods: We identified randomized clinical trials assessing interventions to treat or prevent COVID-19 that were registered in 2020 and recruited or planned to recruit participants in Germany. We requested recruitment information from trial investigators as of April 2021. Results: In 2020, 65 trials were completely (n=27) or partially (n=38) conducted in Germany. Most trials investigated interventions to treat COVID-19 (86.2%; 56/65), in hospitalized patients (67.7%; 44/65), with industry funding (53.8%; 35/65). Few trials were completed (21.5%; 14/65). Overall, 187,179 participants were planned to be recruited (20,696 in Germany), with a median number of 106 German participants per trial (IQR 40 to 345).  From the planned German participants, 13.4%  were recruited (median 15 per trial (IQR 0 to 44). Conclusions: The overall German contribution to the worldwide COVID-19 clinical trial research agenda was modest. Few trials delivered urgently needed evidence. Most trials did not meet recruitment goals. Evaluation and international comparison of the challenges for conducting clinical trials in Germany is needed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Szabolcs Berezvai ◽  
Tibor Oláh ◽  
Zsófia Pálya ◽  
Bence Sipos ◽  
Brigitta Szilágyi

A műszaki- és gazdasági felsőoktatásban folyó kalkulusoktatás komoly kihívás elé állítja a tanárokat: viszonylag rövid idő alatt, nagy mennyiségű anyagot kell megtanítaniuk úgy, hogy a hallgató a matematika kurzusokon elsajátított ismereteket a szaktárgyakban, akár több félév csúszással is hasznosítani tudja. Olyan módszert kell kidolgozni, ami egy tudásában és képességeiben eltérő, nagy létszámú hallgatói közösségben is jól alkalmazható. A teszthatás, bár megfelel ezen követelményeknek, mégsem tartozik a gyakran alkalmazott metódusok közé. A módszer, amely a tanulás középpontjába az előhívást helyezi, sem a pedagógusok, sem a diákok között nem örvend nagy népszerűségnek. A teszthatás a többi tanulási-, tanítási metódushoz képest sokkal inkább gátat tud szabni a felejtésnek, de a hallgatónak ki kell mozdulnia a passzív befogadó szerepből, ami többeknek lehet kevésbé komfortos. Ezt a módszert találtuk alkalmasnak arra is, hogy a számonkérés előtti rövid időszakra koncentrálódó, úgynevezett kampányszerű tanulás helyett hallgatóinkat a folytonos tanulásra bírjuk. Ez azért volt fontos számunkra, mert bár rövid távon a megmérettetés előtti intenzív tanulás is eredményes, ennél a felejtés rendkívül gyors.A BME Gépészmérnöki Karának elsőéves mechatronikus és energetikus hallgatói számára az EduBase Online Oktatási Platform segítségével olyan könnyen kivitelezhető kalkulusoktatást valósítottunk meg, ami a teszthatás szempontjait szem előtt tartotta, kihasználta annak előnyös tulajdonságait. Jelen cikkben bemutatjuk a 2018/2019. tanév tavaszi szemeszterében, a Matematika G2 kurzuson végzett kutatásunk eredményeit. Hétről hétre, napi bontásban követjük a hallgatók tanulási aktivitását, vizsgáljuk a kampányszerű és a folytonos tanulással elért eredményeiket. Calculus education in engineering and economic higher education programmes poses a severe challenge for teachers: in a relatively short period of time, they have to teach a large amount of material so that the students can build on the acquired knowledge in further subjects even after several semesters. A method needs to be developed that can be applied well among large, heterogeneous students with different knowledge and skills. Test effect meets these requirements, although is not one of the most commonly used methods, since this approach that puts development at the centre of learning is not very popular among educators or students. The test effect can be a much more effective tool to reduce forgetting than other learning and teaching methods, but the student must move out of their passive, receptive role, which may be less comfortable for many. We also found this method to be suitable for continuous learning instead of so-called campaign-like learning, which focuses only on a short period before the examination. This was important to us since intensive learning before the exams is often effective in short term, but forgetting is also extremely rapid afterwards.For the first-year mechatronics and energy engineering students at BME Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, with the help of the EduBase Online Education Platform, we completed an easy-to-implement calculus course that took into account the aspects of the test effect and took advantage of its benefits. In this article, we present the results of our research in the spring semester of the academic year 2018/2019 in the Mathematics G2 course. From week to week, we followed the learning activity of the students on a daily basis, examining their results achieved through campaign-like and continuous learning.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ishak Kozikoglu ◽  
Nuray Senemoglu

The purpose of this study is to determine to what level beginning teachers' perceptions concerning the competency of pre-service teacher education and their professional commitment predict the challenges they face. This study was conducted with 942 beginning teachers working at İstanbul, Konya, Gaziantep and Van provinces in Turkey. The data were collected with the scale of challenges faced by beginning teachers, teachers' perceptions scale concerning the competency of preservice teacher education and teachers' professional commitment scale developed by the researchers. Descriptive statistics, MANOVA, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and stepwise regression analysis were used for data analysis. As a result of the study, it was found that beginning teachers face challenges at moderate level in their first year. Furthermore, it was found that three variables ("relations with students, colleagues, administrators, parents and society", "teaching planning and implementation " and "commitment to the profession") are significant predictors explaining approximately one third (%30.4) of the variance concerning the challenges faced by beginning teachers.


Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 299-309
Author(s):  
Lorena Velasco-Santos ◽  
José Luis Pastor Pradillo ◽  
David Blanco-Alcántara ◽  
Alfredo Jiménez Eguizábal

  El presente artículo analiza los valores del cuerpo de 536 estudiantes de 1º Bachillerato en Castilla y León en el curso 2017/18 en función de sus variables de perfil sexo, modalidad de bachillerato, naturaleza, titularidad y provincia de pertenencia del centro de estudios. El objetivo es describir tendencias generales asociadas a dichas variables de perfil. El instrumento de medida es el test elaborado por Casares y Collados (1998) que clasifica en 10 los valores del cuerpo en base a 250 ítems agrupados en bloques de 25. El tratamiento de datos se lleva a cabo mediante un análisis de valores medios. Los resultados obtenidos son mostrados en forma de tablas de puntuaciones, gráficos y representaciones jerárquicas. Se calculan estadísticos descriptivos y estadística inferencial. Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas asociadas a la variable de perfil sexo y, secundariamente, provincia de pertenencia del centro de estudios. Asimismo, destaca el valor placer como el más agradable en todas las clasificaciones y el valor religioso el menos, exceptuando lo ocurrido en Soria donde se torna incluso positivo. Todo ello describe la realidad en que los estudiantes de 1º bachillerato conciben su cuerpo y le conceden su valor, lo que abre nuevos flancos críticos en la educación a través de los valores del cuerpo.  Abstract. This article analyzes the body values of 536 First Year Bachillerato students in the Castilla y León region of Spain during the academic year 2017/18 according to their special characteristics such as gender, Bachillerato option, personality, qualifications and province administering the educational establishment they attend. The aim is to describe general trends associated with these profile variables. The instrument of measurement is the test devised by Casares and Collados (1998), which divides body values into 10 categories. It is based on 250 items classified into 10 groups of 25 defining the body values. Data processing is carried out through an analysis of average values. The results obtained are shown in the form of score tables, graphs and hierarchical representations. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are calculated. Significant differences associated to the variable of gender profile and, secondarily, province of belonging to the study center are highlighted. Likewise, the pleasure value stands out as the most pleasant in all classifications and the religious value the least, except for what happened in Soria where it becomes even positive. The procedure of preferred values ratifies the pleasure value as the most pleasant, however the religious value is rarely the least preferred. All this describes the reality in which the students of the 1st baccalaureate conceive their body and give it their value, which opens new critical flanks in education through the values ​​of the body.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Maria Campedelli ◽  
Enzo Yaksic

Relying on a sample of 1,394 US-based multiple homicide offenders (MHOs), we study the duration of the careers of this extremely violent category of offenders through Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox Proportional Hazard regression. We investigate the characteristics of such careers in terms of length and we provide an inferential analysis investigating correlates of career duration. The models indicate that females, MHOs employing multiple methods, younger MHOs and MHOs that acted in more than one US state have higher odds of longer careers. Conversely, those offending with a partner and those targeting victims from a single sexual group have a higher probability of shorter careers.


2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214
Author(s):  
Violeta Caro-Petrovic ◽  
Milan Petrovic ◽  
Dragana Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
Nevena Maksimovic ◽  
Irina Sycheva ◽  
...  

Records of female lambs and their parents of the Mis sheep breed have used. All animals are approximately have weaned at 90 days of age. Descriptive statistics, paired sample test, paired differences, measures of association, correlations and regression of body weights between female lambs and their parents have done. A complementary least body weights at 30 days and weaning between dams and lambs but utmost weight at 30 days, the lambs were higher while at weaning, the dams had higher weight. It can observe that the averages on body weights the rams were the highest, followed by lambs and the lowest the dams? body weights. The coefficient of determination of R2 varies from low to high, indicating that the lamb's body weight has more influenced by other factors that we have not considered. There were significant correlations between lamb body weight at birth and sire/dam body weight at birth. The results showed highly significant correlations of lamb's body weight at 30 days with dams but with sires, positive and very low. There had positive but no significant correlation between lamb body weight at weaning and sire body weight at weaning. Lamb body weight at weaning and dam body weight at weaning are highly correlated.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 604
Author(s):  
Salleh Amat ◽  
Harizah Izyan Samsudin ◽  
Abu Yazid Abu Bakar ◽  
Mohd Izwan Mahmud ◽  
Mohd Hasrul Kamarulzaman

This study is a needs analysis that aims to develop a psychosocial module based on a psychoeducation approach in order to strengthen the assertiveness, social skills, and psychological well-being of public university students in Malaysia. The specific objectives of this study were to identify the perceptions of university students on the need to design and build a psychosocial module, identify the constructs that should be included in the phase of designing and building of the psychosocial module as well as the support that has been received and the support that the students desire while on campus. This survey study utilized a questionnaire distributed to a total of 286 first year students studying at three public universities in Malaysia. The data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study showed a highly positive response from the students toward the development of a psychosocial module and the constructs listed in the questionnaire. Implications from this study can further solidify the constructs that should be included in the design and construction of the psychosocial module as well as identify the availability of the approaches, strategies, and support activities that have been received and desired by the students.


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