scholarly journals Changing Agricultural Systems and Food Diets to Prevent and Mitigate Global Health Shocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6462
Author(s):  
Cécile Détang-Dessendre ◽  
Hervé Guyomard ◽  
Vincent Réquillart ◽  
Louis-Georges Soler
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Health Shocks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Dietary Recommendations

No one would dispute that agricultural systems and food diets are not sustainable from an environmental and health point of view, and that increasing their sustainability must be a major objective of farm and food policies. Simultaneously, climatic, environmental, and health shocks are likely to increase in the coming years. This note defends the idea of an additional double benefit of public policies, aiming at favoring environmentally friendly food systems and healthy diets through two channels: by reducing the risks of developing shocks and by limiting their negative impacts on populations when they occur. As a result, public policies should address, simultaneously and consistently, supply and demand issues. This is illustrated in the case of the European Union. Supply measures should favor the agro-ecological transition of agricultural systems through a more rigorous application of the polluter pays principle, implying notably the taxation of the main determinants of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions (cattle heads and nitrogen fertilizers) and biodiversity loss (mineral fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, and antibiotic treatments). This would send the right signals to farmers and would legitimize an extended use of the provider gets principle, allowing the remuneration of positive externalities. Demand measures should favor the adoption of healthier and environmentally friendly food diets by changing consumer behaviors through dietary recommendations, information campaigns, nutritional labeling, and fiscal instruments.

scholarly journals Consumption of Mineral Fertilizers in the Polish Agriculture – Trends and Directions of Changes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Piwowar
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Innovative Fertilizers

AbstractBalanced, rational fertilization determines high and valuable yields of crops. Polish agriculture has been considered traditional, pro-ecological, with relatively low consumption of agrochemicals for many decades. Transformations in the economic and social area, in particular Poland’s accession to the European Union, have significantly changed this picture. This paper presents the results of the research on the trends in fertilizer consumption in the Polish agriculture. The main time range of the analyses covered the period of 2013–2017. The source materials used in the study were statistical data for the entire country and provinces, published by the Central Statistical Office (GUS), as well as results of empirical studies. According to analyses, the pressure associated with the increase in the use of mineral fertilizers in Poland is growing. In the economic year 2017/2018, the average consumption of mineral fertilizers in Poland was at a level of 141.6 kg NPK per hectare of agricultural lands and was higher by 39.2 kg than in the 2004/2005 season. The empirical studies were carried out in six randomly selected provinces in Poland. Total 1034 surveys completed by farmers were analysed. Comparative analyses were carried out using a multiple correspondence analysis (MPA). Based on the analysis performed, it can be stated that the direction of changes in the consumption of fertilizers depends on the area and economic size of the agricultural holding as well as on the district in which the agricultural holding is located. The article points out problems in the area of sustainable fertilizer consumption in Poland (high consumption of nitrogen fertilizers, low level of soil liming, etc.). Perspective directions of changes (precision agriculture, innovative fertilizers, increased farmers’ awareness of nutrient efficiency and reduction of negative impact on the environment) were also summarized.

scholarly journals Fertilising Farms and Institutional Authorities:

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-33
Author(s):  
Stathis Arapostathis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Rational Use ◽  
Sociotechnical Imaginaries ◽  
N Fertilisers ◽  
Harmful Effects

Abstract The article studies the politics of expertise and the co-production of sociotechnical imaginaries, expertise identities and public policies in agriculture and the use of fertilisers in Greece between the years 1945 and 2000. By applying the concept of the co-productionist idiom, the processes of appropriation will be studied and dynamic processes in postwar Greece are demonstrated. The study argues that experts functioned not only as mediators but as promoters and shapers of sociotechnical imaginaries in Greece, and that they directed specific policies in promoting or controlling the use of fertilisers: particularly nitrogen (N) fertilisers. Until 1990, experts had the power and the authority to politically and socially legitimise the use of intense fertilisation. In the years since 1990, the experts’ role was configured by transnational political pressures from the European Union that shaped the experts’ consensus on the harmful effects of agriculture malpractice and the overuse of nitrogen fertilisers. Yet still while an environmentally friendly agriculture paradigm was sought the dominant public discourse promoted by experts in Greece still prioritised accuracy and rational use.

scholarly journals Organic agriculture and climate change

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia El-Hage Scialabba ◽  
Maria Müller-Lindenlauf
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation

AbstractThis article discusses the mitigation and adaptation potential of organic agricultural systems along three main features: farming system design, cropland management and grassland and livestock management. An important potential contribution of organically managed systems to climate change mitigation is identified in the careful management of nutrients and, hence, the reduction of N2O emissions from soils. Another high mitigation potential of organic agriculture lies in carbon sequestration in soils. In a first estimate, the emission reduction potential by abstention from mineral fertilizers is calculated to be about 20% and the compensation potential by carbon sequestration to be about 40–72% of the world's current annual agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but further research is needed to consolidate these numbers. On the adaptation side, organic agriculture systems have a strong potential for building resilient food systems in the face of uncertainties, through farm diversification and building soil fertility with organic matter. Additionally, organic agriculture offers alternatives to energy-intensive production inputs such as synthetic fertilizers which are likely to be further limited for poor rural populations by rising energy prices. In developing countries, organic agricultural systems achieve equal or even higher yields, as compared to the current conventional practices, which translate into a potentially important option for food security and sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor in times of climate change. Certified organic products cater for higher income options for farmers and, therefore, can serve as promoters for climate-friendly farming practices worldwide.

Public Policies for Broadband Development in the European Union

2010 ◽  
pp. 409-421
Author(s):  
Claudio Feijoo ◽  
José Luis Gómez Barroso ◽  
Sergio Ramos ◽  
David Rojo-Alonso
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Universal Service ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Digital Exclusion

The European Lisbon strategy considers that the generalised availability of broadband accesses is one of the European Union’s greatest challenges. In this context, the EU member states have launched information society development programmes which dedicate major sections to fighting against the digital exclusion and plan the geographical extension of broadband accesses. In all of them, it is acknowledged the role of public policies in complementing the effective operation of the market, addressing both the supply and demand sides. The aim of this chapter is to review how the objective of generalised broadband deployment can be achieved, and what instruments the public administrations are using to pursue it. The chapter includes, in particular, a comparison of practical implementations of broadband development policies, their relationships with universal service obligations, and, finally, the implications of using this segmented approach.

Productivity and quality of soybean seeds with different fertilization on podzolized chernozem

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (97) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
H.M. Hospodarenko ◽  
◽  
I.V. Prokopchuk ◽  
K. P. Leonova ◽  
V.P. Boyko
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Different Doses

The productivity of agricultural crops is the most variable and integral indicator of their vital activity, which accumulates their genetic potential, soil fertility, weather conditions and components of agricultural technology. Soybean under optimal growing conditions (the reaction of the soil is close to neutral, sufficient phosphorus and potassium nutrition, the use of nitraginization) assimilates from the air about 70 % of the total nitrogen requirement. Therefore, it is believed that it is enough to apply only a starting dose of nitrogen fertilizers (20–40 kg/ha a. s.), to get a high yield with good indicators of grain quality. The results of studies of the influence of long-term (8 years) application of different doses and ratios of fertilizers in field crop rotation on podzolized chernozem in the conditions of the Right -Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine on the yield and quality of soybean seeds preceded by spring barley were presented. It was found that crop yields could be increased by 18–77 % owing to different doses, ratios and types of fertilizers. The highest indicators of seed yields for three years of the research (3,02 t/ha) were obtained under the application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N110P60K80 per 1 ha of crop rotation area, including under soybean – N60P60K60. Exclusion of the nitrogen component from the complete fertilizer (N60P60K60) reduced its yield by 26 %, phosphorus – by 17, and potassium by 11 %. There was no significant decrease in soybean yield in the variant of the experiment with a decrease in the proportion of potassium in the composition of complete mineral fertilizer (N60P60K30) for three years of study. The largest mass of 1000 soybean seeds was formed at doses of N60К60 fertilizers, and their protein content — under the application of complete mineral fertilizer in doses of N60P60K60 and N60P60K30.

scholarly journals Less than half of the European dietary recommendations for fish consumption are satisfied by national seafood supplies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Lofstedt ◽  
Baukje de Roos ◽  
Paul G. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
National Level ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Purpose To review the seafood dietary recommendations of European countries and compare them to national seafood supplies. Methods Current seafood dietary recommendations were collated from national health authorities across Europe. Food balance sheets were downloaded from the FAO, and appropriate conversion factors were applied to each seafood commodity. Average net per capita seafood supplies from 2007 to 2017 were derived from data on imports and production for food from both capture fisheries and aquaculture, accounting for exports. Results Both national dietary recommendations and seafood supplies varied considerably throughout Europe. At a national level, on a per capita basis, only 13 out of the 31 of European dietary recommendations for fish consumption were satisfied by national seafood supplies. Most of the countries with coastal access, as well as those with traditional fish-eating cultures, such as France and countries in Northern Europe, had adequate seafood supplies to meet their recommendations. The landlocked countries of Central and Eastern Europe did not have enough seafood supplies to satisfy their recommendations. Conclusions Our findings emphasise the need to not only consider consumer health outcomes when developing and advocating dietary recommendations, but also the sustainability of food production systems. As many foods are not necessarily locally sourced but traded as part of global production and distribution systems, it is important to consider greater consistency between national dietary recommendations to facilitate more sustainable marine food systems.

Modeling nitrous oxide mitigation potential of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers from agricultural systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 149342
Author(s):  
Ram B. Gurung ◽  
Stephen M. Ogle ◽  
F. Jay Breidt ◽  
William J. Parton ◽  
Stephen J. Del Grosso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Mitigation

scholarly journals Support Schemes in Renewable Energy: Commentary to Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 13 September 2017, ENEA S.A. v. Prezes Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
Nevin Alija
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Preliminary Ruling ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Financial Penalty ◽  
The Eu

In its September 13th 2017 decision,1 the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decided on a request for a preliminary ruling by the Supreme Court of Poland (Sąd Najwyższy) in proceedings between ENEA S.A. (ENEA) and the president of the Urzędu Regulacji Energetyki (Office for the regulation of energy, URE) on the imposition by the latter of a financial penalty on ENEA for breach of its obligation to supply electricity produced by cogeneration. The judgment of the Court of Justice follows many decisions of the European Commission and judgments of the EU courts assessing the involvement of State resources in support schemes in energy, particularly with the aim of switching towards more environmentally friendly sources. This case reaffirms that support schemes may, in certain circumstances, fall outside the scope of the EU State aid rules.

scholarly journals Agroecosystem Stability In Spring Wheat Crops With The Application Of Fertilizers And Microbial Biological Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012066
Author(s):  
A A Alferov ◽  
L S Chernova
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Hydrothermal Coefficient ◽  
Biological Products ◽  
Rhizosphere Microorganisms ◽  
Net Mineralization ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Nitrogen Flows

Abstract The formation of spring wheat biomass on sod-podzolic soil is carried out mainly due to soil nitrogen, the share of which reaches 1/3 of the total removal of the element when using mineral fertilizers. Inoculation of spring wheat seeds with biologics of rhizosphere microorganisms increases the nitrogen content of fertilizers to 7.3%, increases its immobilization by 5.9-6.7% and reduces losses by 7.4-13.9%. The stability of the agroecosystem is characterized by nitrogen flows. During the growing season of spring wheat with a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.55-1.72, the amount of mineralized nitrogen (mineralization (M)), depending on fertilizers, reaches 9.4-11.1 g/m2, while the reimobilized nitrogen (reimobilization (RI)) – 2.2-3.1 g/m2, net-mineralized (net-mineralization (N-M)) – 6.8 - 8.0 g/m2. The use of nitrogen fertilizers and biological products leads the agroecosystem to the resistance mode (the maximum permissible level of exposure) (RI : M = 27-28%, N-M : RI = 2.5-2.7).

scholarly journals The EU’s farm to fork strategy: missing links for transformation

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinead Mowlds
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Environmentally Friendly

The Farm-to-Fork strategy, launched in May 2020, is the first attempt at a European-wide approach to food systems of this scale. The strategy sets ambitious targets and aims to create a ‘fair, healthy, and environmentally friendly food system’. Yet, within the bounds of its own regulatory and legislative context (including the Green Deal, the Circular Economy Action Plan and the new Biodiversity Strategy 2030), the strategy falls short of recognising key links in and between the food system. This review posits that the strategy and its targets do not adequately consider the importance of transforming agricultural practices for environmental outcomes; of agricultural practices for nutrition outcomes; nor the links between how we value nutrition along the supply chain, from farm to fork

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