scholarly journals External Costs of Agriculture Derived from Payments for Agri-Environment Measures: Framework and Application to Switzerland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 6126
Author(s):  
Felix Schläpfer
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Potential Applications

The costs of unintended side effects of agriculture such as water pollution cannot be directly observed in markets. However, the values society places on healthy agricultural environments are increasingly reflected in payments to farmers for measures to avoid or reduce environmental damage. This paper presents a framework for estimating external costs of agriculture from payment rates of agri-environment measures addressing specific externality issues. The framework is applied to the broad range of agri-environment measures implemented in Swiss agricultural policy. Estimates of external costs are derived for emissions of greenhouse gases, ammonia, nitrate and pesticides, soil erosion, habitat deficits, and animal suffering. The total external costs of Swiss agriculture are estimated at CHF 3.651 billion (CHF 3494 per hectare) when the calculations are based on the agri-environment measures’ average avoidance costs and of CHF 5.560 billion (CHF 5321 per hectare) when the calculations are based on highest observed avoidance costs. Potential applications include internalization policies, evaluations of agri-environment support, and integrated environmental and economic accounting.

scholarly journals The Role of Mangrove Conservation in Sustainable Tourism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwina Dhyani Danaparamita ◽  
Nadiroh . ◽  
Desy Safitri
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Traditional Beliefs ◽  
Mangrove Conservation

The rapid growth of the tourism industry in Indonesia has encouraged innovation in the sector as each business competes to attract domestic and foreign tourists. At the same time, however, this growth is having a negative impact of environmental damage such as water pollution and soil pollution, and also producing a perceived community loss. One option is to reduce the negative impact of tourism is by encouraging the development of ecotourism activities. For example, nearby communities could be encouraged to participate in the management of mangrove conservation ecotourism areas. This study considers how such communities can work with local governments on these projects. This complements traditional beliefs within the Indonesian culture which held that ancestors entrust natural wealth to their descendants to be guarded and utilized wisely. Keywords: conservation, mangrove, sustainable tourism

Exposed Biologies

Good Quality ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayo Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Disorders Of Sex Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Sperm Bank ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Local Biologies

Smog-choked cities, cancer villages, and contaminated food have become iconic problems of a modernizing China—the tragic, perhaps unavoidable, side effects of a voracious economy. Chapter 3 examines how the sperm bank—jingziku—in China has emerged quite literally as a sanctuary of vitality amid concerns around food safety, air and water pollution, rising infertility, and declining population quality. As a twist on Margaret Lock’s concept of “local biologies,” the chapter argues that exposed biologies have become a matter of concern in China in ways that have corroborated a place for high-tech sperm banks within China’s restrictive reproductive complex. Exposed biologies are a side effect of modernization processes, as industrially manufactured chemicals are increasingly held culpable for a range of pathologies, from cancers andmetabolic diseases to disorders of sex development and infertility.

scholarly journals World Agricultural Markets: Implications for U.S. Food and Agricultural Policy

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-97
Author(s):  
T. Kelley White
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Food And Agricultural Policy ◽  
The U.S

In the absence of agricultural policy, the behavior of the agricultural sector is dictated by market forces. Any agricultural policy, other than one of “hands off—let the market forces rule,” is dependent upon programmatic tools which in one way or another attempt to interfere or modify behavior of the sector. If it is government's objective to design and implement a set of programs which will distort market behavior so as to achieve policy goals with minimum negative side effects, it is essential that policymakers understand the kind of market environment within which the U.S. farm sector exists and how this market is likely to behave, given alternative interferences.

Application of a RUSLE-based soil erosion modelling on Mauritius Island

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rody Nigel ◽  
Soonil D. D. V. Rughooputh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Soil And Water Conservation ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Mauritius Island ◽  
Soil And Water

Soil erosion by water is one of the most important natural resources management problems in the world. The damages it causes on-site are soil loss, breakdown of soil structure, and decline in organic matter content, nutrient content, fertility, and infiltration rate. Lands with the highest erosion risk on Mauritius Island are crop cultivations (sugarcane, tea, vegetables) on erosion-susceptible terrain (slopes >20% coupled with highly erodible soils). The locations of such lands on Mauritius were mapped during previous, qualitatively based regional-scale erosion studies. In order to propose soil conservation strategies, there is a need to apply a more quantitative approach to supplement the previous, qualitatively based studies. This paper reports an application of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) within a geographical information system in order to estimate soil loss on the island, and particularly for the high-erosion areas. Results show that total soil loss on the island is estimated at 298 259 t year–1, with soil loss from high-erosion areas summing 84 780 t year–1 (28% of total soil loss). If all of the high-erosion areas were afforested, their soil loss would be reduced to 10 264 t year–1, i.e. a reduction of 88% for the high-erosion areas and a reduction of 25% for the island. This study thus calls for soil and water conservation programs directed to these erosion-prone areas before the land degradation and environmental damage they are causing become irreversible. The methodological approach used in this work to quantitatively estimate soil loss from erosion-prone areas can be adopted in other countries as the basis for a nationwide erosion assessment in order to better inform environmental policy needs for soil and water conservation.

scholarly journals Methodology for assessing the comprehensive ecological and ecological-economic damage to the environment from surface water pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
M. A. Nalbandyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Surface Water Pollution ◽  
Ecological Economic ◽  
Economic Progress

Surface water pollution issues are relevant and important. The impacts of polluted waters on the catchment area have both short and long term implications. The negative impact affects both the quality of soils grown in the catchment of plants and agricultural crops, and the health of the population living in the area. From this point of view, the assessment of the environmental and ecological-economic damage caused is relevant. To manage the damage to the environment, it is necessary to conduct balanced economic development and measures to control the quality of surface waters. The methodology developed and proposed in this article for a comprehensive assessment of environmental, economic and environmental damage is aimed at creating and monitoring conditions for economic progress, ensuring and protecting the rights of society and the quality of life.

scholarly journals Exposed Biologies and the Banking of Reproductive Vitality in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayo Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Disorders Of Sex Development ◽  
Sperm Banking ◽  
Sperm Bank ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Local Biologies

The looming figures of smog-choked cities, cancer villages and contaminated food have become iconic of a modernising China: the tragic, perhaps unavoidable, side effects of a voracious economy. In this article, I examine how the sperm bank—jingzi ku—in China has emerged quite literally as a sanctuary of vitality amidst concerns around food safety, air and water pollution, rising infertility and declining population quality. As a twist on Margaret Lock’s concept of ‘local biologies’, I argue that ‘exposed biologies’ have become a matter of concern in China in ways that have corroborated a place for hi-tech sperm banks within China’s restrictive reproductive complex. Exposed biologies are a side effect of modernisation processes, as industrially manufactured chemicals are increasingly held culpable for a range of pathologies, from cancers to metabolic diseases, disorders of sex development and infertility. Amidst concerns that pollution and modern lifestyles are deteriorating sperm quality in China, the sperm bank stands out as a repository of screened, purified and quality-controlled vitality, and as such sperm banking can be seen as a form of reproductive insurance, not only for individuals but also for the nation.

scholarly journals An Incongruence-Based Anomaly Detection Strategy for Analyzing Water Pollution in Images from Remote Sensing

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Araújo Dias ◽  
Erivaldo Antônio da Silva ◽  
Samara Calçado de Azevedo ◽  
Wallace Casaca ◽  
Thiago Statella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Environmental Disasters ◽  
Detection Strategy ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Static Images

The potential applications of computational tools, such as anomaly detection and incongruence, for analyzing data attract much attention from the scientific research community. However, there remains a need for more studies to determine how anomaly detection and incongruence applied to analyze data of static images from remote sensing will assist in detecting water pollution. In this study, an incongruence-based anomaly detection strategy for analyzing water pollution in images from remote sensing is presented. Our strategy semi-automatically detects occurrences of one type of anomaly based on the divergence between two image classifications (contextual and non-contextual). The results indicate that our strategy accurately analyzes the majority of images. Incongruence as a strategy for detecting anomalies in real-application (non-synthetic) data found in images from remote sensing is relevant for recognizing crude oil close to open water bodies or water pollution caused by the presence of brown mud in large rivers. It can also assist surveillance systems by detecting environmental disasters or performing mappings.

scholarly journals Transport externalities of bus stations produced by Greenhouse Gas (GHG)

2020 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 04001
Author(s):  
M Córdova-Suárez ◽  
E Barreno-Ávila ◽  
P Villacrés-Cevallos ◽  
O Ruíz-Robalino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
External Costs ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Average Load ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Indirect Sources

It is established that the interprovincial transportation in bus terminals of the Cities such as Ambato, Riobamba, Salcedo, Latacunga and Guaranda have contributed to the build-up of external costs of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) The climate change costs are calculated by multiplying the carbon emissions by the cost factor. To quantify the GHG emissions, this study has taken into account of both the direct and indirect sources of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG), as well as the ISO 14064.1: 2006 standard. In view thereof, it was found that the 11 bus terminals of the five cities, namely Latacunga, Riobamba Salcedo, Ambato, Guaranda-which accounts for around 3225 buses, had accounted for the emissions of 25,746.8 tCO2eq, 37,404.6 tCO2eq, 8,762.7 tCO2eq, 92,364.9 tCO2eq, 31,990.3 tCO2eq, respectively. Simply, the average load of such pollution produced per vehicle was 60.8 tCO2eq. and the total emissions were 196,269.3 tCO2eq with an estimated GHG contamination cost of €27,477,702 per year.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document