scholarly journals Analysis of Dependencies between Gas and Electricity Distribution Grid Planning and Building Energy Retrofit Decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Then ◽  
Patrick Hein ◽  
Tanja M. Kneiske ◽  
Martin Braun
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Business Models ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Energy Retrofit ◽  
Building Retrofit ◽  
Agent Simulation ◽  
Final Energy Demand

Most macroeconomic studies predict a decline in final energy demand and the use of natural gas in the heating sector in Europe. In the course of building retrofitting, gas-based heating systems are predominantly replaced by electricity-based solutions. This influences the business models of electricity and especially gas distribution network operators (DNOs), where grid charges tend to rise. The resulting feedback effect could accelerate the decrease of demand and finally lead to the defection of the gas grid—an effect that has been neglected in energy system analysis so far. We present a multi-agent simulation with a rule-based gas and electricity DNO model and a building retrofit optimization model to analyze these interdependencies during the transformation path, focusing on the role of different technical, economic, and regulatory triggers. Our case studies for a real grid area of a German city shows that an interplay of the gas and electricity DNO’s strategy, as well as the building-, heating system-, grid-, and trigger-configuration, determine the decision on the extension, continuation, or defection of the gas grid infrastructure. Finally, strategies for how to reduce the risk of a gas grid defection, which are relevant for DNOs, policy makers, and creators of macro-economic models, are discussed.

scholarly journals Interdependencies of Infrastructure Investment Decisions in Multi-Energy Systems—A Sensitivity Analysis for Urban Residential Areas

Smart Cities ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-145
Author(s):  
Daniel Then ◽  
Johannes Bauer ◽  
Tanja Kneiske ◽  
Martin Braun
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Linear Optimization ◽  
Investment Decisions ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Mixed Integer Linear Optimization

Considering the European Union (EU) climate targets, the heating sector should be decarbonized by 80 to 95% up to 2050. Thus, the macro-trends forecast increasing energy efficiency and focus on the use of renewable gas or the electrification of heat generation. This has implications for the business models of urban electricity and in particular natural gas distribution network operators (DNOs): When the energy demand decreases, a disproportionately long grid is operated, which can cause a rise of grid charges and thus the gas price. This creates a situation in which a self-reinforcing feedback loop starts, which increases the risk of gas grid defection. We present a mixed integer linear optimization model to analyze the interdependencies between the electricity and gas DNOs’ and the building owners’ investment decisions during the transformation path. The results of the investigation in a real grid area are used to validate the simulation setup of a sensitivity analysis of 27 types of building collectives and five grid topologies, which provides a systematic insight into the interrelated system. Therefore, it is possible to identify building and grid configurations that increase the risk of a complete gas grid shutdown and those that should be operated as a flexibility option in a future renewable energy system.

DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR RURAL NOVA SCOTIAN COMMUNITIES USING BUILDING SIMULATION AND ENERGY USAGE DATABASES

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaspreet S. Nijjar ◽  
Alan S. Fung ◽  
Larry Hughes ◽  
Hessam Taherian
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Building Simulation ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
District Energy ◽  
Heating Profiles

There are several benefits to district heating systems. The system design requires knowledge of community peak heating load and annual heating energy requirements. For this purpose, a residential energy model was developed using several energy usage databases. Hourly, peak, and annual heating demands were estimated by simulating 15 archetype houses using an hour-by-hour building simulation program, ENERPASS. Estimated heating profiles from model houses were used to design a district heating system for a hypothetical rural community in Nova Scotia. The findings show that building simulation is a very flexible and valuable tool in identifying the required peak and hourly energy demand of a community for the design of district energy system, and biomass district heating system can reduce community greenhouse gas emissions.

Development of Anti-Icing Airfield Heated Pavement System using Solar Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Joseph Daniels ◽  
Ernest Heymsfield
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Fem Analysis ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
Study Results

This paper analyzes the development and assesses the viability of an anti-icing airfield heated pavement system using solar energy. Field experimentation investigates two systems: (i) an electrical heated pavement system with a photovoltaic energy system as its power source, and (ii) a hydronic heated pavement system with a solar water-heating system as its heating source. The systems operate under an automated thermostat heating sequence for operation optimization and energy conservation. Study results found the solar systems capable of supplying enough energy to maintain the pavement surface above freezing temperatures and keep it free of snow. A finite element model (FEM) was developed for the electrical system to assess the energy required to heat an airfield apron area. A benefit–cost analysis (BCA) expanded the hydronic system analysis to assess the viability for implementing a solar-hydronic heated pavement system at an apron area. The viability of an anti-icing airfield heated pavement system using solar energy was evaluated using a FEM analysis and BCA at an existing airport, the Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport.

scholarly journals Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modeling

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Klemm ◽  
Frauke Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Sustainability ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Urban Energy ◽  
Absolute Energy ◽  
Final Energy Demand

Abstract Background Urban energy systems are responsible for 75% of the world’s energy consumption and for 70% of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Energy system models are used to optimize, benchmark and compare such energy systems with the help of energy sustainability indicators. We discuss several indicators for their basic suitability and their response to changing boundary conditions, system structures and reference values. The most suitable parameters are applied to four different supply scenarios of a real-world urban energy system. Results There is a number of energy sustainability indicators, but not all of them are suitable for the use in urban energy system optimization models. Shortcomings originate from the omission of upstream energy supply chains (secondary energy efficiency), from limited capabilities to compare small energy systems (energy productivity), from excessive accounting expense (regeneration rate), from unsuitable accounting methods (primary energy efficiency), from a questionable impact of some indicators on the overall system sustainability (self-sufficiency), from the lack of detailed information content (share of renewables), and more. On the other hand, indicators of absolute greenhouse gas emissions, energy costs, and final energy demand are well suitable for the use in optimization models. However, each of these indicators only represents partial aspects of energy sustainability; the use of only one indicator in the optimization process increases the risk that other important aspects will deteriorate significantly, eventually leading to suboptimal or even unrealistic scenarios in practice. Therefore, multi-criteria approaches should be used to enable a more holistic optimization and planning of sustainable urban energy systems. Conclusion We recommend multi-criteria optimization approaches using the indicators of absolute greenhouse gas emissions, absolute energy costs, and absolute energy demand. For benchmarking and comparison purposes, specific indicators should be used and therefore related to the final energy demand, respectively, the number of inhabitants. Our example scenarios demonstrate modeling strategies to optimize sustainability of urban energy systems.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impacts of Energy Access Scenarios in the Nigerian Household Sector by 2030

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O. Dioha ◽  
Nnaemeka Vincent Emodi
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Baseline Scenario ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Final Energy Demand

Lack of access to modern forms of energy continues to hamper socio-economic development in Nigeria, and about 94% and 39% of the Nigerian population do not have access to clean cooking equipment and electricity, respectively. The United Nations Sustainable Energy for All initiative and Sustainable Development Goal number seven seek to provide universal modern energy for all by 2030. However, the implications of these global goals on Nigeria’s energy system have not been well researched in the literature. In this study, we applied the Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning Systems model to analyse the impacts of different energy access scenarios by 2030 on household energy consumption, CO2 emissions and local air pollutant emissions. We also analysed different scenarios for biomass renewability in order to understand its impact on household net CO2 emissions. We found that achieving a 100% modern energy access by 2030 would reduce final energy demand by around 845 PJ, which is equivalent to a 52.4% reduction when compared to the baseline scenario. A 100% modern access would also significantly reduce local air pollutants, but increase CO2 emissions significantly by 16.7 MtCO2 compared to the baseline scenario. Our analysis shows that the benefits of modern energy access have been limited in Nigeria due to poor financing and low income levels of households. Therefore, we argue that for a 100% modern energy access in Nigeria by 2030, there is a need to explore local and foreign funding sources, and a serious need to couple energy access programs in the country with income-generating activities.

Optimization of a Local District Heating Plant Under Fuel Flexibility and Performance

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souman Rudra ◽  
Lasse Rossendahl ◽  
Niels From
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Heating Plant

Brovst is a small district in Denmark. Based on the case of Brovst, this paper analyses the role of district heating in future Renewable Energy Systems. The present use of fossil fuels in the Brovst DHP (district heating plant) represents an increasing environmental and climate-related load. So, an investigation has been made to reduce the use of fossil fuels for district heating system and make use of the local renewable resources (Biogas, Solar and Geothermal) for district heating purpose. In this article, the techno-economic assessment is achieved through the development of a suite of models that are combined to give cost and performance data for this district heating system. Different local fuels have been analyzed for different perspectives to find the way to optimize the whole integrated system in accordance with fuel availability and cost. This paper represents the energy system analysis mode energyPRO which has been used to analyses the integration of large scale energy system into the domestic district heating system. A model of the current work on the basis of information from the plant (using fossil fuel) is established and named as a reference model. Then different solutions are calculated for various local fuels in energyPRO. A comparison has been made between the reference model and the basis for individual solutions. The greatest reduction in heat price is obtained by replacing one engine with a new biogas where heat production is divided by 66% of biogas, 13% natural gas engines and 21% natural gas boilers.

scholarly journals An Expansion Planning Method for Extending Distributed Energy System Lifespan with ESS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Said Mirza Tercan ◽  
Onur Elma ◽  
Erdin Gokalp ◽  
Umit Cali
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Voltage Profile ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Expansion Planning ◽  
Distributed Energy System

Growing energy demand in the distributed energy system (DES) besides new charging loads of electric vehicles (EVs) make DES infrastructure unavailable earlier than normal projections. DES lines need to be upgraded to carry the modern demand of customers. DES line upgrade (LU) cost minimized and deferred to the next years by using energy storage system (ESS). ESS offers the opportunity to use energy flexibly in the distribution grid. It is possible to use ESS to shift the inevitable upgrade costs of the distribution grid elements and increase the power quality of the distribution grid. In this study, a method is proposed to extend the lifespan of DES with ESS and reduce line upgrade and investment costs in the distribution system. For this purpose, the IEEE 33 bus test grid is used, and the proposed method is tested and analyzed with different case studies. According to the results, the proposed method can reduce the investment cost by up to 80%. Besides, ESS usage considering load increase and line conditions of the distribution grid, upgrade costs of distribution grid are shifted, resulting in an optimal dimensioning and positioning while extending the lifespan of the distribution grid elements and, at the same time, offering significant improvements in energy quality. Additionally, it is seen that the power losses of the distribution grid are reduced up to 26%, and the voltage profile of buses is improved with the usage of ESS.

scholarly journals An expansion planning method for extending distributed energy system lifespan with energy storage systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 014459872110583
Author(s):  
Said Mirza Tercan ◽  
Onur Elma ◽  
Erdin Gokalp ◽  
Umit Cali
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Distributed Energy System

The recent advances in the modern power grids, such as growing energy demand and penetration of higher amounts of distributed energy generators like renewable energy resources, caused additional grid integration challenges for the distributed energy system operators. Besides, deep electrification impacts triggered by a growing share of electric vehicles as additional electric loads made it essential for the distributed energy system operators to re-investigate their upgrade plans in terms of distributed energy system lines and corresponding infrastructure investments. An energy storage system offers the opportunity to use energy flexibly, resulting in deferring the inevitable upgrade costs of the distribution grid elements and increasing the power quality. In this study, a new method is proposed to extend the lifespan of distributed energy systems with an energy storage system and reduce line upgrade costs. The proposed method is tested on the IEEE-33 with different case studies. The findings of this study indicated that the investigated energy storage option has a positive impact on the distributed energy system components and assets in terms of extending their lifespan and helping to mitigate growing demand peaks because of the load increase. According to the results, the proposed method reduces the total cost by up to 66%. Furthermore, the power losses are reduced by an average of 34.8%, and the voltage profiles are improved with the energy storage system.

scholarly journals COPERNICUS AND THE ENERGY CHALLENGE

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W2-2021 ◽  
pp. 189-196
Author(s):  
L. Stucchi ◽  
M. Aiello ◽  
A. Gargiulo ◽  
M. A. Brovelli
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Multiple Datasets

Abstract. The energy sector will drastically change in the following years; multiple agreements have been signed by countries with the purpose to reduce carbon emission and contain the global temperature increase. Besides, in the next years the energy demand will increase with the growth of the Information and Communications Technology sector. To combine these two aspects, future energy needs to be produced with renewable resources and less with fossil fuels. An opportunity to discover and plan the use of renewable energy resources are geospatial data derived from satellite acquisitions. The European Earth Observation programme Copernicus provides multiple datasets in an Open Science approach. Within this paper, multiple datasets offered by Copernicus services are presented in relation to their exploitation for the energy system analysis, with a particular attention to renewable energy. The datasets will be analysed according to their properties and possibility of usage. Additional Copernicus satellite derived data that can benefit the emerging topic of the food-energy-water nexus are finally presented to point out significant development in the energy sector which is recently claiming growing attention.

scholarly journals The Potential and Social Acceptability of Renewable Energy sources in North Iraq: Kurdistan Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diler H. Morad
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Great Ability

Kurdistan region government(KRG) is located to the north of Iraq, its Energy System has suffered from a lack of electricity, and many challenges to be overcome to meet future increases in demand for power, about 85% of the production of power is almost depended on fossils fuels, while the remaining 15% is covered by hydro-electrical plants. Therefore, the renewable energy sources are alternative sources of energy for reducing energy demand and CO2 emissions in KRG. In order to review the Kurdistan potential renewable energy and social-acceptance toward renewable energy source use and implementations, mixed methodology was used qualitative and quantitative to provide the    most    complete    analysis    of    study problems. In this study, the potential renewable energy sources (RES) has been examined as well as the survey which was designed with three groups of questions: awareness of renewable energy sources, person background information and willingness to invest in renewable energy sources. The result showed that Kurdistan region has a great ability to utilize renewable energy sources and long-term economic viability of using RES in house wasn’t clear for 40% of 320 interviews. About 63% of the participants were ready to pay extra cost to get renewable energy. The majority of the participant think that public sector should take the first step towards renewable energy production as well as providing incentives and business models to motivate peoples to implement RES in their building.

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