scholarly journals A Comparative Study on the Reduction Effect in Greenhouse Gas Emissions between the Combined Heat and Power Plant and Boiler

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahye Kim ◽  
Kyung-Tae Kim ◽  
Young-Kwon Park
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Combined Heat And Power ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
Reduction Effect

The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between the combined heat and power (CHP) plant and boiler, which became the main energy-generating facilities of “anaerobic digestion” (AD) biogas produced in Korea, and analyze the GHG emissions in a life cycle. Full-scale data from two Korean “wastewater treatment plants” (WWTPs), which operated boilers and CHP plants fueled by biogas, were used in order to estimate the reduction potential of GHG emissions based on a “life cycle assessment” (LCA) approach. The GHG emissions of biogas energy facilities were divided into pre-manufacturing stages, production stages, pretreatment stages, and combustion stages, and the GHG emissions by stages were calculated by dividing them into Scope1, Scope2, and Scope3. Based on the calculated reduction intensity, a comparison of GHG reduction effects was made by assuming a scenario in which the amount of biogas produced at domestic sewage treatment plants used for boiler heating is replaced by a CHP plant. Four different scenarios for utilizing biogas are considered based on the GHG emission potential of each utilization plant. The biggest reduction was in the scenario of using all of the biogas in CHP plants and heating the anaerobic digester through district heating. GHG emissions in a life cycle were slightly higher in boilers than in CHP plants because GHG emissions generated by pre-treatment facilities were smaller than other emissions, and lower Scope2 emissions in CHP plants were due to their own use of electricity produced. It was confirmed that the CHP plant using biogas is superior to the boiler in terms of GHG reduction in a life cycle.

The potential of bio-methane as bio-fuel/bio-energy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: a qualitative assessment for Europe in a life cycle perspective

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1683-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Tilche ◽  
Michele Galatola
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Crops ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Anaerobic digestion is a well known process that (while still capable of showing new features) has experienced several waves of technological development. It was “born” as a wastewater treatment system, in the 1970s showed promise as an alternative energy source (in particular from animal waste), in the 1980s and later it became a standard for treating organic-matter-rich industrial wastewater, and more recently returned to the market for its energy recovery potential, making use of different biomasses, including energy crops. With the growing concern around global warming, this paper looks at the potential of anaerobic digestion in terms of reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to GHG reduction has been computed for the 27 EU countries on the basis of their 2005 Kyoto declarations and using life cycle data. The theoretical potential contribution of anaerobic digestion to Kyoto and EU post-Kyoto targets has been calculated. Two different possible biogas applications have been considered: electricity production from manure waste, and upgraded methane production for light goods vehicles (from landfill biogas and municipal and industrial wastewater treatment sludges). The useful heat that can be produced as by-product from biogas conversion into electricity has not been taken into consideration, as its real exploitation depends on local conditions. Moreover the amount of biogas already produced via dedicated anaerobic digestion processes has also not been included in the calculations. Therefore the overall gains achievable would be even higher than those reported here. This exercise shows that biogas may considerably contribute to GHG emission reductions in particular if used as a biofuel. Results also show that its use as a biofuel may allow for true negative GHG emissions, showing a net advantage with respect to other biofuels. Considering also energy crops that will become available in the next few years as a result of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform, this study shows that biogas has the potential of covering almost 50% of the 2020 biofuel target of 10% of all automotive transport fuels, without implying a change in land use. Moreover, considering the achievable GHG reductions, a very large carbon emission trading “value” could support the investment needs. However, those results were obtained through a “qualitative” assessment. In order to produce robust data for decision makers, a quantitative sustainability assessment should be carried out, integrating different methodologies within a life cycle framework. The identification of the most appropriate policy for promoting the best set of options is then discussed.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Impact of Algal Bio-Crude Production for a Range of CO2 Supply Scenarios

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 11931
Author(s):  
Pratham Arora ◽  
Ronald R. Chance ◽  
Howard Hendrix ◽  
Matthew J. Realff ◽  
Valerie M. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Carbon Utilization ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Refined bio-crude production from hydrothermal liquefaction of algae holds the potential to replace fossil-based conventional liquid fuels. The microalgae act as natural carbon sequestrators by consuming CO2. However, this absorbed CO2 is released to the atmosphere during the combustion of the bio-crude. Thus, the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of refined bio-crude are linked to the production and supply of the materials involved and the process energy demands. One prominent raw material is CO2, which is the main source of carbon for algae and the subsequent products. The emissions associated with the supply of CO2 can have a considerable impact on the sustainability of the algae-based refined bio-crude production process. Furthermore, the diurnal algae growth cycle complicates the CO2 supply scenarios. Traditionally, studies have relied on CO2 supplied from existing power plants. However, there is potential for building natural gas or biomass-based power plants with the primary aim of supplying CO2 to the biorefinery. Alternately, a direct air capture (DAC) process can extract CO2 directly from the air. The life-cycle GHG emissions associated with the production of refined bio-crude through hydrothermal liquefaction of algae are presented in this study. Different CO2 supply scenarios, including existing fossil fuel power plants and purpose-built CO2 sources, are compared. The integration of the CO2 sources with the algal biorefinery is also presented. The CO2 supply from biomass-based power plants has the highest potential for GHG reduction, with a GHG footprint of −57 g CO2 eq./MJ refined bio-crude. The CO2 supply from the DAC process has a GHG footprint of 49 CO2 eq./MJ refined bio-crude, which is very similar to the scenario that considers the supply of CO2 from an existing conventional natural gas-based plant and takes credit for the carbon utilization.

Optimal Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Allocation for Minimum Life Cycle Cost, Petroleum Consumption, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Shin Norman Shiau ◽  
Nikhil Kaushal ◽  
Chris T. Hendrickson ◽  
Scott B. Peterson ◽  
Jay F. Whitacre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Vehicle Design ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology has the potential to reduce operating cost, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and petroleum consumption in the transportation sector. However, the net effects of PHEVs depend critically on vehicle design, battery technology, and charging frequency. To examine these implications, we develop an optimization model integrating vehicle physics simulation, battery degradation data, and U.S. driving data. The model identifies optimal vehicle designs and allocation of vehicles to drivers for minimum net life cycle cost, GHG emissions, and petroleum consumption under a range of scenarios. We compare conventional and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) to PHEVs with equivalent size and performance (similar to a Toyota Prius) under urban driving conditions. We find that while PHEVs with large battery packs minimize petroleum consumption, a mix of PHEVs with packs sized for ∼25–50 miles of electric travel under the average U.S. grid mix (or ∼35–60 miles under decarbonized grid scenarios) produces the greatest reduction in life cycle GHG emissions. Life cycle cost and GHG emissions are minimized using high battery swing and replacing batteries as needed, rather than designing underutilized capacity into the vehicle with corresponding production, weight, and cost implications. At 2008 average U.S. energy prices, Li-ion battery pack costs must fall below $590/kW h at a 5% discount rate or below $410/kW h at a 10% rate for PHEVs to be cost competitive with HEVs. Carbon allowance prices offer little leverage for improving cost competitiveness of PHEVs. PHEV life cycle costs must fall to within a few percent of HEVs in order to offer a cost-effective approach to GHG reduction.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Irish District Heating Systems: A Comparison of Waste Heat Pump, Biomass-Based and Conventional Gas Boiler

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conall Mahon ◽  
Maneesh Kumar Mediboyina ◽  
Donna Gartland ◽  
Fionnuala Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
District Heating System ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Abstract This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of heat supply scenarios for the replacement of fossil-based energy systems through a case study focusing on an existing gas-fired boiler supplying heat for buildings located in Tallaght, Ireland. The three replacement systems considered are a waste heat fed heat pump district heating system (WHP-DH), a biomass CHP plant district heating system (BCHP-DH), and an individual gas boiler system (GB). The study found that both DH systems have lower environmental impact than the GB, with the BCHP-DH being superior to WHP-DH. However, using 2030 electricity data showed almost similar overall impacts for both the DH systems. Human toxicity potential (HTP) was highest among all impact categories studied and was due to the large additional infrastructure requirement for all three systems. Whereas the other impacts; Global warming (GWP), Fossil fuel depletion (FFD) and Eutrophication (EP), were due to involving usage of natural gas and electricity in use phase. The BCHP-DH showed reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 45% and FFD by 73% compared to the GB system. Using 2030 electricity data, the WHP-DH decreased GHG emissions by 42% and FFD by 47%. Further, replacing biomethane with the natural gas in the DH systems decreased GWP by at least 11.4%. The present study concludes that the environmental benefit of a DH system is largely dependent on the carbon intensity of the electricity it uses, thus recommending the DH systems for large scale retrofitting schemes in Ireland to reach Europe’s 2030 GHG reduction targets.

A Cluster Analysis Study of Opportune Adoption of Electric Drive Vehicles for Better Greenhouse Gas Reduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Hamza ◽  
Kenneth P. Laberteaux
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Drive ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Reduction ◽  
Stop And Go ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Vector Clustering ◽  
Household Travel

Adoption of electric drive vehicles (EDVs) presents an opportunity for reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. From an individual vehicle standpoint however, the GHG reduction can vary significantly depending on the type of driving that the vehicle is used for. This is primarily due to conventional vehicles (CVs) having poor energy efficiency in stop-and-go city-like driving compared to their performance in steady highway-like driving. This study attempts to examine the magnitude of the differential in GHG reduction benefit for real driving behaviors obtained from California Household Travel Survey (CHTS-2013). Recorded vehicles speed traces are analyzed via a fuel economy simulator then a hybrid support vector clustering (SVC) technique is applied to form groups of vehicle samples with similar driving behaviors. Unlike many clustering techniques, SVC does not impose a pre-dictated number of clusters, but has a number of parameters that must be tuned in order to obtain meaningful results. Tuning of the parameters is performed via a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (SPEA2) after formulating the cluster tuning as a two-objective problem that seeks to maximize: i) differential benefit in GHG reduction, and ii) fraction of the population that groups of vehicles represent. Results show that replacing a CV with its equivalent hybrid (HEV) can reduce GHG emissions per mile of driving by 2 to 2.5 times more for a group of vehicles (best opportune for an EDV) compared to the less opportune group.

Accrediting Greenhouse Gas Credits for Marketing: The Saugus Experience

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Msw Management ◽  
Ghg Reduction

The potential for global climate change due to the release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is being debated both nationally and internationally. While many options for reducing GHG emissions are being evaluated, MSW management presents potential options for reductions and has links to other sectors (e.g., energy, industrial processes, forestry, transportation) with further GHG reduction opportunities.

scholarly journals Development of a Decision Support Model Based on Machine Learning for Applying Greenhouse Gas Reduction Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3582
Author(s):  
Sungwoo Lee ◽  
Sungho Tae
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Decision Support Model ◽  
Ghg Reduction

Multiple nations have implemented policies for greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction since the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21) at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2015. In this convention, participants voluntarily agreed to a new climate regime that aimed to decrease GHG emissions. Subsequently, a reduction in GHG emissions with specific reduction technologies (renewable energy) to decrease energy consumption has become a necessity and not a choice. With the launch of the Korean Emissions Trading Scheme (K-ETS) in 2015, Korea has certified and financed GHG reduction projects to decrease emissions. To help the user make informed decisions for economic and environmental benefits from the use of renewable energy, an assessment model was developed. This study establishes a simple assessment method (SAM), an assessment database (DB) of 1199 GHG reduction technologies implemented in Korea, and a machine learning-based GHG reduction technology assessment model (GRTM). Additionally, we make suggestions on how to evaluate economic benefits, which can be obtained in conjunction with the environmental benefits of GHG reduction technology. Finally, we validate the applicability of the assessment model on a public building in Korea.

scholarly journals Scenario Analysis for GHG Emission Reduction Potential of the Building Sector for New City in South Korea

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5514
Author(s):  
Seo-Hoon Kim ◽  
SungJin Lee ◽  
Seol-Yee Han ◽  
Jong-Hun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Sector ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
New City

A new government report on climate change shows that global emissions of greenhouse gases have increased to very high levels despite various policies to reduce climate change. Building energy accounts for 40% of the world’s energy consumption and accounts for 33% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. This study applied the LEAP (Long-range energy alternatives planning) model and Bass diffusion method for predicting the total energy consumption and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions from the residential and commercial building sector of Sejong City in South Korea. Then, using the Bass diffusion model, three scenarios were analyzed (REST: Renewable energy supply target, BES: Building energy saving, BEP: Building energy policy) for GHG reduction. The GHG emissions for Sejong City for 2015–2030 were analyzed, and the past and future GHG emissions of the city were predicted in a Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario. In the REST scenario, the GHG emissions would attain a 24.5% reduction and, in the BES scenario, the GHG emissions would attain 12.81% reduction by 2030. Finally, the BEP scenario shows the potential for a 19.81% GHG reduction. These results could be used to guide the planning and development of the new city.

scholarly journals Estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from natural lagoon wastewater treatment plant: Case of Ain Taoujdate-Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 01012
Author(s):  
Yassine Bahi ◽  
Ahmed Akhssas ◽  
Mohamed Khamar ◽  
Lahcen Bahi ◽  
Hanane Souidi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Total Contribution ◽  
Simple Modeling

The process of removing organic components from wastewater as BOD5 through wastewater treatment plants has been proven to be a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly methane CH4, carbon dioxide CO2 and nitrous oxide N2O. The reduction of these emissions has attracted more interest given their major contribution to global warming. This study was able to identify and estimate the amount of methane and CO2 emissions on a monthly basis by a simple modeling approach and an empirical method (IPCC) for N2O emissions, in the case of Ain-Taoujdate wastewater treatment plant, throughout the years 2013, 2018 and 2019. The results showed that anaerobic ponds were the main source of on-site emissions with 66% of total contribution and 33% for facultative ponds, followed by the energy consumption of the pumping station as off-site GHG emissions.

scholarly journals Nonrenewable Energy Cost and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of a “Pig-Biogas-Fish” System in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Yang ◽  
Xiaofang Wu ◽  
Haiping Yang ◽  
Shihong Zhang ◽  
Hanping Chen
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Conventional Animal ◽  
Husbandry System ◽  
Consumption Intensity ◽  
Nonrenewable Energy

The purpose of this study is to assess the energy savings and emission reductions of the present rural biogas system in China. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method is used to analyze a “pig-biogas-fish” system in Jingzhou, Hubei Province, China. The nonrenewable energy cost and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the system, including the pigsty, the biogas digester, and the fishpond, are taken into account. The border definition is standardized because of the utilization of the database in this paper. The results indicate that the nonrenewable energy consumption intensity of the “pig-biogas-fish” system is 0.60 MJ/MJ and the equivalent CO2emission intensity is 0.05 kg CO2-eq/MJ. Compared with the conventional animal husbandry system, the “pig-biogas-fish” system shows high renewability and GHG reduction benefit, which indicates that the system is a scientific and environmentally friendly chain combining energy and ecology.

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