scholarly journals Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric Vehicles: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bamidele Victor Ayodele ◽  
Siti Indati Mustapa
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Interest In Research

The transportation sector has been reported as a key contributor to the emissions of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Hence, the need for the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) into the transportation sector. However, the competitiveness of the EVs with the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles has been a bone of contention. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is an important tool that can be employed to determine the competitiveness of a product in its early stage of production. This review examines different published articles on LCCA of EVs using Scopus and Web of Science databases. The time trend of the published articles from 2001 to 2019 was examined. Moreover, the LCC obtained from the different models of EVs were compared. There was a growing interest in research on the LCC of EVs as indicated by the upward increase in the number of published articles. A variation in the LCC of the different EVs studied was observed to depend on several factors. Based on the LCC, EVs were found not yet competitive with conventional internal combustion engine cars due to the high cost of batteries. However, advancement in technologies with incentives could bring down the cost of EV batteries to make it competitive in the future.

Hydrogen as an Alternative: Life Cycle Cost Analysis between Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine (Al+Hci) and Gasoline Engine Based on Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

2013 ◽  
Vol 315 ◽  
pp. 423-427
Author(s):  
Halim Razali ◽  
Kamaruzzaman Sopian ◽  
Ali Sohif Mat
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The Cost

Estimation of the life cycle cost (LCC) for a hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) that uses hydrogen as an alternative fuel by forecasting a financial investment plan for a period of five years (n = 5). This is influenced by the interest rate of 10% (i = 10). The effect of Annual Operating Cost and salvage value in the LCC for H2ICE would give impact on the cost of investment and economic growth in the long term. The result shows the brake specific fuel consumption to achieve 14% savings for grams per kilowatt hour for the engine (G + H2) compared to the engine (G). The operation of H2ICE in the first year would be increased by 22%, the reason is due to the cost of equipment, maintenance and purchase of new components. However, the percentage of operation cost for the following five to ten year of Present worth (PW) is reduced to 0.36% in the fourth year (n = 4) within the interest rate of 10%. The return of initial investment in the capital-first cost (FC) is to occur at the beginning of the fifth year (n = 5) of H2ICE operations. The cost of savings for the next five years would become more profitable reaching 37% reduction in cost compared to conventional fuel consumption

scholarly journals Criticality Assessment of the Life Cycle of Passenger Vehicles Produced in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Sun ◽  
Vanessa Bach ◽  
Matthias Finkbeiner ◽  
Jianxin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicle ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Criticality Assessment

AbstractChina is globally the largest and a rapidly growing market for electric vehicles. The aim of the paper is to determine challenges related to criticality and environmental impacts of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles, focusing not only on a global but also the Chinese perspective, applying the ESSENZ method, which covers a unique approach to determine criticality aspects as well as integrating life cycle assessment results. Real industry data for vehicles and batteries produced in China was collected. Further, for the criticality assessment, Chinese import patterns are analyzed. The results show that the battery electric vehicle has similar and partly increased environmental impacts compared with the internal combustion engine vehicle. For both, the vehicle cycle contributes to a large proportion in all the environmental impact categories except for global warming. Further, battery electric vehicles show a higher criticality than internal combustion engine vehicles, with tantalum, lithium, and cobalt playing essential roles. In addition, the Chinese-specific results show a lower criticality compared to the global assessment for the considered categories trade barriers and political stability, while again tantalum crude oil and cobalt have high potential supply disruptions. Concluding, battery electric vehicles still face challenges regarding their environmental as well as criticality performance from the whole supply chain both in China and worldwide. One reason is the replacement of the lithium-ion power battery. By enhancing its quality and establishing battery recycling, the impacts of battery electric vehicle would decrease.

scholarly journals Rekindling the Spark

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (11) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kosowatz
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition ◽  
The Cost

This article presents advancements in the development of battery-powered vehicles and the comparison between battery-powered vehicles and internal combustion engine. With its SkyActiv-X, a homogenous charge compression ignition engine, Mazda hopes to improve fuel economy by as much as 20%. A 2016 study by Arthur D. Little, the international consulting firm, comparing battery electric vehicles (BEV) against internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) stated, ‘the ultimate environmental and economic reality of electric vehicles is far more complicated than their promise.’ The study showed BEVs enjoy economic advantages. The electricity cost associated with operating BEVs over a distance of one mile is significantly lower than the cost of gasoline over the same distance for a conventional car. The report shows that most of the environmental impacts generated by ICEVs are localized to the combustion of gasoline in the engine; however, the BEV manufacturing process ‘generates a much more widely dispersed and damaging set of environmental impacts.’

scholarly journals Comparative environmental impacts of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles with Hybrid Vehicles and Electric Vehicles in China—Based on Life Cycle Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 02010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningning Ha
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

In China, the growth of new energy vehicles is especially rapid and the explosive growth of the automobile brought an increasing impact on the environment. This paper selected Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles of the same model of BYD as the object. We established a Life Cycle Assessment with GaBi6 software and CML2001 model. The results show that in the whole life cycle, the influences of ADP, GWP and ODP of Electric Vehicles are less than that of Hybrid Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. The impact of Electric Vehicles are 39%, 50%, and 4% of the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and the Hybrid Vehicles’ impact are 65%, 78% and 85% of the Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles have a clear improvement in these three types of impacts. The comparison results of AP, EP, FAETP, MAETP and POCP show that the potential impact of Electric Vehicles is greater than that of Hybrid Vehicles and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles. At present, improving production technology and reducing the consumption of energy during production phase are effective measures to reduce the environmental impact of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles and Hybrid Vehicles of China.

Use of an Integrated Approach for Analysis and Design of Turbocharged Internal Combustion Engine

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ebel ◽  
Mark Anderson ◽  
Parth Pandya ◽  
Mat Perchanok ◽  
Nick Tiney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Performance Requirements

Abstract When developing a turbocharged internal combustion engine, the choice of turbocharger is usually based on designer experience and existing hardware. However, proper turbocharger design relies on matching the compressor and turbine performance to the engine requirements so that parameters such as boost and back pressure, compressor pressure ratio, and turbine inlet temperatures meet the needs of the engine without exceeding its allowable operating envelope. Therefore, the ultimate measure of a successful turbocharger design is how well it is matched to an engine across various operating conditions. This, in turn, determines whether a new turbocharger is required, or an existing solution can be used. When existing turbocharger solutions are not viable, the engine designer is at a loss on how to define a new turbocharger that meets the desired performance requirements. A common approach in industry has been to scale the performance of an existing turbocharger (compressor and turbine maps) and take these requirements for Original Equipment Manufacturers to possibly match it with a real machine. However, the assumptions made in a basic scaling process are quite simplistic and generally not satisfactory in this situation. A better approach would be to use a validated meanline model for a compressor and turbine instead, allowing to perform an actual preliminary design of such components. Such approach allows to link the engine performance requirements in a very early stage of te component design project and it guides the designer for the design decisions, such as rotor size, variable geometry nozzles, diameter, or shroud trims and others. Therefore, a feasible solution is more likely with design less iterations. This paper describes a methodology for an integrated approach to design and analyze a turbocharged internal combustion engine using commercially available state-of-the-art 1D gas dynamics simulation tool linked to two powerful turbomachinery meanline programs. The outputs of this analysis are detailed performance data of the engine and turbocharger at different engine operating conditions. Two case studies are then presented for a 10-liter diesel truck engine. The first study demonstrates how the programs are used to evaluate an existing engine and reverse engineer an existing turbocharger based only on the available performance maps. Then a second study is done using a similar approach but redesigning a new turbocharger (based on the reverse engineered one) for an increased torque output of the same engine.

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