scholarly journals Evolution of the Global Agricultural Trade Network and Policy Implications for China

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenli Qiang ◽  
Shuwen Niu ◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Cuiling Zhang ◽  
Aimin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Monetary Value

Global agricultural trade plays an essential role in balancing supply and demand regarding agricultural products worldwide. Based on complex network theory, two types of agricultural trade networks weighted by the physical quantity and monetary value were built. In both networks, eight groups of agricultural products showed diverse variation in time and space. During 1986 to 2016, the total physical trade increased by 2.55 times with a gradual growth process, and total monetary value increased 1.98 times with fluctuation. The cumulative distribution of node degree and strength followed power-law distribution. Scale expansion and structure complexity of both networks reflected heterogeneity between nodes and the trend of agricultural economic globalization. Meeting demand and seeking greater returns are the main drivers of global agricultural trade development. Mainly developed countries occupied the important positions in the global agricultural trade network, but some emerging economies such as China, Brazil, and India became important sources of demand and supply. China not only needs to fully use international resources to meet demand for agricultural products, but also needs to ensure its own food security through multiple countermeasures.

scholarly journals Optimization of Crude Oil Trade Structure: A Complex Network Analysis

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Gaogao Dong ◽  
Ting Qing ◽  
Lixin Tian ◽  
Ruijin Du ◽  
Jingjing Li
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Topological Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Trade Structure

With the contradiction between supply and demand being intensified, the unreasonable crude oil trade structure has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, optimizing the supply and demand structure of the global crude oil trade is an urgent problem, which has become one of the crucial factors affecting the energy strategy and economic development of each country. This paper builds an optimization model that aims at minimizing crude oil trade costs based on the complex network theory. Meanwhile, an optimal solution generation approach is proposed and developed in this paper. Compared with the preoptimized trade network, the proposed model can effectively reduce the trade cost. By topological analysis of the trade network and its optimal configuration, we obtain that both the preoptimized and optimized crude oil trade networks follow power-law distribution. By using the minimum spanning tree, we find that the major crude oil net exporting countries have the most significant influence and are at the core in the optimized trade structure. This work focuses on the sustainable development of the global crude oil trade and provides a fresh perspective for the optimal crude oil trade system. Moreover, the methodology and model may be applied in the investigation of optimization for other energy system structures.

Shipping the good agricultural products out: the differentiated impact of per-unit duties on developing countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Emlinger ◽  
Houssein Guimbard
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We investigate the impact of per-unit duties (i.e. tariffs expressed in US dollars per unit of imported product) on world agricultural trade patterns. Using detailed data on trade and tariffs, we show first that they induce higher export unit values, confirming that the Alchian–Allen conjecture can be extended to per-unit duties. Second, we show that this effect is higher for developed countries, which can be explained by their specialization on high-priced products. Third, we find that the restrictive effect of per-unit duties on trade is higher for developing countries.

scholarly journals Impact of WTO’s Trade Liberalisation on Selected Food Crops in Pakistan

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (4II) ◽  
pp. 547-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahzad Sharif ◽  
M. Siddique Javed ◽  
Azhar Abbas ◽  
Sarfraz Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Export Subsidies

There is a great potential in Pakistan for production of all types of food commodities due to vast natural resource base, covering various ecological and climatic zones. Most of the agricultural commodities produced in the country are consumed by the local population while the rest is exported in the form of primary products and some value added products. Previously, Pakistani products had a good market overseas with no restrictions of quality and quantity but under the changing environment affected by WTO, it is expected that Pakistan will face a strong competition in the agriculture sector from its competitors in the world market. According to the neoclassical trade theory, trade flows and pattern will develop along the lines of comparative advantage and competitiveness that can act as indicators of trade potential and direction. There has been extensive government involvement in the determination of the overall structure of agriculture and its patterns of production, employment and trade. Pakistani government has been intervening in agriculture sector in the past in order to support agricultural production, income supports, ensure food security, improve the balance of trade, reduce consumer prices, address environmental and regional concerns and to pursue sanitary and phyto-sanitary objectives [Hassan (1995)]. Pakistan is a founding member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since its creation. Following the Uruguay Round negotiations, all agricultural products were brought under multinational trade rules by WTO, under the Agreement on Agriculture. This established a framework to begin liberalising agricultural trade through the reduction of import duties (tariffs), trade-distorting production subsidies and export subsidies. Prior to the Uruguay Round, trade in agriculture was highly distorted. Market access for agricultural products was limited as most markets were restricted by physical import barriers. The presence of massive domestic subsidies led to overproduction of temperate crops in the developed countries that led to excess supply, and export subsidies were used to dump the surplus agricultural output in international markets. This resulted in depressed market prices and, in spite of being low-cost producers of agricultural products; developing countries could not compete with the subsidised exports from developed countries.

scholarly journals Comparative advantages and complementarity of Sino-US agricultural trade: An empirical analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 118-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch Shuai ◽  
X. Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
The U.S

By adopting the RCA, CMS, TCD, SI and TCI models, this paper has made an empirical analysis of the comparative advantages and complementarity of the agricultural trade between China and the United States in terms of sixteen major agricultural products since 1997. The results indicate that (1) the exporting agri-products of China and the United States reflect the characteristics of the resource endowment of each country; (2) China's agri-product competitiveness has decreased after its WTO accession, while the country's agri-export structure has been upgraded; (3) Sino-US agri-trade dependency continues to rise, and the U.S. relies more on China than China does on the U.S.; (4) China and the United Sates have good complementarity in the agricultural trade, which tends to strengthen after the China's accession to the WTO. Policy implications are proposed accordingly based on these findings.

Maltreatment Variation and Trends in Six Developed Countries Using Multiple Indicators: Methods and Policy Implications

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Gilbert ◽  
John D. Fluke ◽  
Melissa O'Donnell ◽  
Arturo Gonzalez-Izquierdo ◽  
Marni Brownell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Multiple Indicators

scholarly journals The Implementation of CSA Model in Aquaculture Management in Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Magdalena Raftowicz ◽  
Magdalena Kalisiak-Mędelska ◽  
Mirosław Struś
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Community Supported Agriculture ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Aquaculture Management

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is an alternative form of distributing agricultural products, including fish, consistent with the model of food supply chain shortening. It extends beyond the traditional model of profit maximization and aims at strengthening local interactions with food consumers. The purpose of this article is to assess the feasibility of implementing the CSA model in the Polish carp market, representing the dominant aquaculture product. The research focused on the potential identified on the supply and demand sides of the carp market. The source material was collected through a pilot two-track empirical study conducted in 2019 in the Barycz Valley, where the largest complex of carp breeding ponds is located in Poland, and in Europe. We propose that the following CSA model of direct sales can become a source of specific benefits in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions for the key stakeholders of the supply chain, (i.e., carp producers and consumers). The research results show that in the case of carp production in Poland, CSA may turn out a desirable support for the sale of fish in the future; however, the existing conditions are not yet fully favourable for its development.

Wealth and governance in unstable states : South Africa as a context for Mancur Olson's theory of collective action

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Pamela E. Kelrick
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Analyses

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Mancur Olson's theory of collective action has primarily been construed and applied to developed countries with formal economies and (generally) socio-political stability. Yet, he asserted that his theory of collective action would apply in developing countries, even those which are far less stable. This study examined Olson's assertion that collective action applies in developing countries, using South Africa as a case study. The empirical analyses included canonical correlation analysis and generalized additive models, using attribute, spatial, and temporal data to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics between wealth and governance in South Africa. Geographic clustering by race and economic class remains persistent despite democratic reforms and improved governance engagement. In addition, findings of the empirical analyses were used to evaluate Olson's theory of collective action and frame the policy implications. Collective action is consistent with findings, but, in the context of developing countries, ought to include more prominent considerations of path dependency, increasing returns, and historical institutionalism.

scholarly journals Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Liu ◽  
Hanho Kim ◽  
Shuanglu Liang ◽  
Oh-Sang Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Export Product ◽  
Export Product Diversification

This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by adopting a country’s ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation in three East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, and China. During the development process, countries intend to balance between stabilizing export demand and maintaining sustainable economic improvement in the context of deteriorating global warming and climate change. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (henceforth, EKC) was originally developed to estimate the correlation between environment condition and economic development. In this paper, we started from the EKC model and adopted an Error Correction Methodology (henceforth, ECM) to estimate the EKC relationships in Japan, Korea (two developed countries), and China (a developing country) over the period of 1990 to 2013. Besides this, instead of only using Gross Domestic Product (henceforth, GDP), two subdivisions of trade diversification—export product diversification and export market diversification—are introduced as proxy variables for economic development in rectification of the EKC. The results demonstrate that both Korea and Japan satisfy the EKC theory by demonstrating an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and ecological footprint, while analysis based on data from China does not display the same tendency. For both export product diversification and market diversification, the more diversified the country’s export is, the bigger its ecological footprint. The policy implications of this econometric outcome are also discussed.

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