scholarly journals The Influence of Hydrogen on the Indications of the Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Sensors

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka ◽  
Tomasz Węsierski ◽  
Anna Dmochowska ◽  
Zdzisław Salamonowicz ◽  
Andrzej Polańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Cross Effect ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Co Sensor ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Made In

This article examines electrochemical carbon monoxide (CO) sensors used as mobile devices by rescue and firefighting units in Poland. The conducted research indicates that the presence of chlorine (Cl2), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO2), and sulfur (IV) oxide (SO2) in the atmosphere does not affect the functioning of the electrochemical CO sensor. In the case of this sensor, there was a significant cross effect in relation to hydrogen (H2). It was found that the time and manner of using the sensor affects the behavior in relation to H2. Such a relationship was not recorded for CO. Measurements in a mixture of CO and H2 confirm the effect of hydrogen on the changes taking place inside the sensor. Independently of the ratio of H2 to CO, readings of CO were flawed. All analyses showed a significant difference between the electrochemical CO sensor readings and the expected values. Only in experiments with a 1:3 mixture of CO and H2 was the relative error less than 15%. The relative error in the analyzed concentration range for a sensor with an additional compensation electrode ranged from 7% to 38%; for a sensor without this electrode, it ranged from 23% to 55%. It was ascertained that in the cases of measurements for tests carried out at higher concentrations of H2 in relation to CO, a sensor with an additional electrode is significantly better (more accurate) than a sensor without such an electrode. Differences at the significance level p = 0.01 for measurements made in the CO:H2 mixture at a ratio of 1:3 were ascertained.

Toxic Gases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references.  Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke

Toxic Gases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references.  Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke

Conductimetric Gas Separation-Flow Injection Determination of Ammonia in Gaseous Process Streams

1997 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlastimil Kubáň
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Separation Flow ◽  
Ammonia Content ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Capillary Membrane

Ammonia (up to 0.3 vol.%) can be determined (RSDs < 2%) after separation from a process gas stream containing (vol.%): carbon dioxide (0.3-20), hydrogen sulfide (< 0.4), hydrogen cyanide (< 1.5 . 10-4), sulfur dioxide (1), carbon monoxide (< 3) in 50-90 vol.% nitrogen and hydrocarbons. The ammonia content in sample is determined through changes in the conductivity of an acceptor stream (3 mM boric acid) caused by absorption of the analyte passed through a Nafion capillary membrane.

scholarly journals Effects of interfering gases in electrochemical sensors NH3 and NO2

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cross Effect ◽  
Saturated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Measuring Range ◽  
Negative Interference ◽  
Gas Measurement

Electrochemical sensors used for toxic gas measurement. In this paper construction EC sensor and principle of operation has been described. The results of research on the influence of interfering gases on the readings of detectors containing ammonia and nitric oxide (IV) electrochemical sensors are presented. Span gases were used in the tests: 100 ppm CO, 25 ppm H2S, 25 ppm NH3, 10 ppm NO, 25 ppm NO2, 10 ppm Cl2, 10 ppm HCN, 10 ppm HCl, 2% vol. H2, 2.5% by volume CH4, 0.35% by volume of C5H12. The conducted research indicates that the presence of chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide and saturated hydrocarbons in the atmosphere does not affect the work of the ammonia electrochemical sensor. In the case of this sensor, there was a significant cross effect in relation to hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen. The administration of these substances indicated the presence of ammonia outside the measuring range (200 ppm). In the measurements using the NO2 sensor, in most cases negative interference was found. The test results indicate that the measurements made with electrochemical sensors may be subject to error in the presence of interfering gases. The results obtained may be both understated and overstated.

Toxic Gases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references.  Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke

Toxic Gases

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie T Weiss ◽  
Kathryn W Weibrecht
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hyperbaric Oxygen ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Normobaric Oxygen ◽  
Levels Of Care ◽  
Cyanide Antidote ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Toxic Gas

This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, 43 references, and 5 MCQs. 

Limnological characteristics, community metabolism and management strategies of a coastal sinkhole in Cuba (Cenote Jennifer)

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Roberto González-De Zayas ◽  
Liosban Lantigua Ponce de León ◽  
Liezel Guerra Rodríguez ◽  
Felipe Matos Pupo ◽  
Leslie Hernández-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Community Metabolism ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Made In ◽  
Limnological Parameters

The Cenote Jennifer is an important and unique aquatic sinkhole in Cayo Coco (Jardines del Rey Tourist Destination) that has brackish to saline water. Two samplings were made in 1998 and 2009, and 4 metabolism community experiments in 2009. Some limnological parameters were measured in both samplings (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen major ions, hydrogen sulfide, nutrients and others). Community metabolism was measured through incubated oxygen concentration in clear and dark oxygen bottles. Results showed that the sinkhole limnology depends on rainfall and light incidence year, with some stratification episodes, due to halocline or oxycline presence, rather than thermocline. The sinkhole water was oligotrophic (total nitrogen of 41.5 ± 22.2 μmol l−1 and total phosphorus of 0.3 ± 0.2 μmol l−1) and with low productivity (gross primary productivity of 63.0 mg C m−2 d−1). Anoxia and hypoxia were present at the bottom with higher levels of hydrogen sulfide, lower pH and restricted influence of the adjacent sea (2 km away). To protect the Cenote Jennifer, tourist exploitation should be avoided and more resources to ecological and morphological studies should be allocated, and eventually use this aquatic system only for specialized diving. For conservation purposes, illegal garbage disposal in the surrounding forest should end.

Effect of a-Week Summer Camp on the Hopelessness and Self-Esteem of the University Students Attending Sport Sciences Faculty

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Korkmaz YİĞİTER ◽  
Hakan TOSUN
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Female Students ◽  
T Test ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The University

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of participation in a 1-week summer camp on thehopelessness and self-esteem of the university students attending Sport Sciences Faculty. Participants were 36university students assigned to experiment group using a random procedure. Coopersmith Self-esteem and Beck Hopelessness Scales were completed at the beginning and end of the summer camp by designed the university. The obtained data were analysed in the SPSS 18.0 program and the significance level was taken as 0.05. The descriptive statistics, independent simple t test, paired simple t test and Pearson correlation were used for analyse the data in the study. According to the results of the research, no significant difference was observed in the comparison of the hopelessness and self-esteem levels between pre and post-test. In addition, there was a significant difference in the hopelessness level of male and female students but any significant difference was not observed in terms of self-esteem. There was a significant relationship between hopelessness and self-esteem pre and post-test. These result shows that a 1-week summer camp cannot change the hopelessness or self-esteem level. However, as the self-esteem rises, the rate of despair decreases whereas as the despair rises, the selfesteem decreases.

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