scholarly journals Assessing the Potential Impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on Water Resources and Soil Salinity in the Nile Delta, Egypt

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherien Abdel Aziz ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková ◽  
Peter Mésároš ◽  
Pavol Purcz ◽  
Hany Abd-Elhamid
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
National Income ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Deep Aquifers

Several studies have reported that the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) could have severe effects on the water resources in downstream countries, especially Egypt. These effects include changes in surface water level, groundwater levels in shallow and deep aquifers, saltwater intrusion, and increases in soil salinity, which could affect crop yields. This paper assesses the potential impacts of the GERD on the Nile Delta, Egypt. It includes the effects of reducing surface water levels (SWL) and changing the crop patterns at the groundwater levels (GWL), in addition to the effect of cultivating crops that consume less water on soil salinity. A pilot area is selected in the east of the Nile Delta for the assessment. The results of the study revealed that GWL is directly proportional to SWL. Comparing the case study of 2012, when SWL was reduced by 50%, the GWL decreased from 5.0 m to 2.0 m. After adjustment, the crop patterns from rice to other crops decreased the GWL to 1.30 m. Additionally, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between soil salinity and crop patterns. Soil salinity increased during the cultivation of the Delta with non-rice crops, such as grapes. Salinity increased from 0.45 S/m after 10 years of simulation to 0.48 S/m. This estimation highlights the undesirable effects of the GERD on Egypt’s water resources, soil salinity, crop yields, and national income.

scholarly journals GEOLOGICAL ASSISTED ON WATER RESOURCES PLANNING IN MOUNTAINOUS CATCHMENTS IN KUNDASANG, SABAH, MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Rodeano Roslee
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Water Resources Planning ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Deep Aquifers ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
Resources Planning

Based on geological mapping and geohydrologic data, water resources planning in mountainous catchment areas in Kundasang are outlined. The area is underlain by thick Paleogene clastic sediment and old Quaternary gravels. These rock units are carved by numerous lineaments with complex structural styles developed during series of regional Tertiary tectonic activities. The tectonic complexities reduced the physical and mechanical properties of the rock units and produced intensive displacements and discontinuities among the strata, resulting in high degree of weathering process and instability. The weathered materials are unstable and may cause subsidence and sliding induced by high pore pressure subjected by both shallow and deep hydrodynamic processes. Evaluation of 60 boreholes data in the study area reveals that the depth of the groundwater table ranges from 1.90 m (6 feet) to 11.20 m (35 feet) deep. The groundwater level in the study area fluctuates even within a short period of any instability of climatic change. The Quaternary sand and gravel layers with variable thickness defined the major shallow aquifers within the underlying weathered materials while the highly fractured sedimentary rocks defined the major deep aquifers. Most of the aquifers within the top unconsolidated weathered clastic material are under unconfined condition. The sedimentary formations are coarse-grained clastic materials generally contain fractured porosity and exhibit higher permeability. However, below subsurface, much of the groundwater is partially confined. Movements of groundwater are sufficiently restricted area to cause slightly different in head depth zones during periods of heavy pumping. During periods of less draught, the various groundwater levels will be recovered to their respective original level. This condition resulted from discontinuous nature of sediments where zones of permeable sand and gravel are layered between less permeable beds of silt and clay. Aquifer characterization and geological data are given to assist the local agencies on the water resources planning of the study area.

scholarly journals Assessment of Surface Water Resources in the Big Sunflower River Watershed Using Coupled SWAT–MODFLOW Model

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Gao ◽  
Gary Feng ◽  
Ming Han ◽  
Padmanava Dash ◽  
Johnie Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stress Index ◽  
River Watershed ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Surface Water Resources ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

The groundwater level in the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) in the U.S. has declined significantly in the past 30 years. Therefore, it is imperative to assess surface water resources (SWR) availability in BSRW to mitigate groundwater use for irrigation. This research applied the coupled Soil and Water Assessment Tool–Modular Groundwater Flow model (SWAT–MODFLOW) to assess SWR in BSRW. This study aimed at: (1) Assessing the reliability of SWAT–MODFLOW in BSRW, (2) analyzing temporal and spatial variations of SWR, and (3) assessing the potential availability of SWR in BSRW. Calibration and validation results showed that SWAT–MODFLOW can well simulate streamflow and groundwater levels in BSRW. Our results showed that BSRW had lower average monthly total stream resources (MSR = 8.8 × 107 m3) in growing seasons than in non-growing seasons (MSR = 11.0 × 107 m3), and monthly pond resources (MPR from 30,418 to 30,494 m3) varied less than stream resources. The proportion of sub-basins in BSRW with stream water resources greater than 700 mm was 21% in dry years (229 to 994 mm), while this increased to 35% in normal years (296 to 1141 mm) and 57% in wet years (554 to 991 mm). The Water Stress Index (WSI) ranged from 0.4 to 2.1, revealing that most of the sub-basins in BSRW have net SWR available for irrigation. Our results suggested that surface water resources might be supplementary irrigation sources to mitigate the water resources scarcity in this region.

scholarly journals Quality of Surface Water and Groundwater in Iraq

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-199
Author(s):  
Nadhir Al-Ansari ◽  
Sabbar Saleh ◽  
Twana Abdullahand ◽  
Salwan Ali Abed
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Surface Water And Groundwater

Insufficiency of water resources in the Middle East Region represents vital factors that influence the stability of the region and its progress. Expectations indicate that the condition will be dimmer and more complicated, especially in Iraqi territory. Iraq, which is situated in the Middle East, it covers an area of 433,970 square kilometers and populated by about 32 million inhabitants. Iraq greatly relies in its water resources on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as a surface water resources, and several productive groundwater aquifers in which from the hydrogeological point of view divided into several major aquifer units including Foothill, Al-Jazira, Aquifer System, Mandali-Badra-Teeb, Mesopotamian and Desert Aquifer system. Recently, Iraq is suffering from water shortage problems. This is due to external and internal factors affecting the water quality of water resources; they are controlled and uncontrolled factors. The uncontrolled factors are climate change and its consequences, such as reduction of precipitation and temperature increasing. The controlled factors have a significantly negative influence on water resources, but their effects involve more specific regions. The controlled factors are mainly represented by building dams and irrigation projects within the upper parts of the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, Al-Tharthar Scheme, waste water, solid wastes and wastes from wars, which has a significant effect on surface water in Iraq because about 80% of the water supply to Euphrates and Tigris Rivers come from Turkey. In addition, the pressures resulting from the high demand for water resources, and the continued decline in their quantity rates have led to major changes in the hydrological condition in Iraq during the past 30 years. The decrease in surface water levels and precipitation during these three decades reflects the drop in the levels of water reservoirs, lakes, and rivers to the unexpected levels. The level of main country’s water source, Tigris, and Euphrates Rivers has fallen to less than a third of its natural levels. As storage capacity depreciates, the government estimates that its water reserves have been reduced precariously. According to the survey from the Ministry of Water Resources, millions of Iraqi people have faced a severe shortage of drinking water. Since of the importance of water for human life and the need to monitor temporal and spatial changes in quality and quantity, there is a need to develop a general Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI) to monitor surface water and groundwater and classify it into five categories, very good, good, acceptable, bad and very bad, in terms of suitability for domestics, irrigation and agriculture depending on the Iraqi and WHO standards for drinking water. In addition, strict establishment for the regular quantitative monitoring surface water and groundwater setting and processes. Prospects are more negative for all riparian countries. This implies that solving these problems requires actual and serious international, regional, and national cooperation to set a prudent plan for water resources management of the two basins. Iraq being the most affected country should seriously set a prudent, scientific, and strategic plan for the management and conservation of its water resources. Keywords: Pollution, Water Quality, Waste, Surface water, Groundwater, Iraq.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Activity Effects on Canals Morphology, Case Study: Nile Delta, Egypt

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3184
Author(s):  
Sherien Abd-Elaziz ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková ◽  
Peter Mésároš ◽  
Pavol Purcz ◽  
Hany F. Abd-Elhamid
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clear Change ◽  
Canal Morphology

Waterways are usually contaminated with wastes from industrial, domestic or irrigation sectors. Organizations in charge have adopted solutions to eliminate this problem; however, the adopted solutions contribute indirectly to modifying canal morphology during maintenance. These are examples of anthropogenic activity, as well as randomly implemented dredging, which expand the canal cross-sections. Egypt is a country which depends on surface irrigation through a huge network of canals. The majority of canals in Egypt are subject to anthropogenic activity which affects their efficiency. This study aims to assess the impact of conjugated instances of anthropogenic activity and dredging on canal morphology and capacity. Five canals were selected in the current study in the Nile Delta, Egypt. These canals are highly affected by two associated factors: anthropogenic activity by users and dredging by the government. The study also aims to determine the effects of a newly adopted policy for saving surface water through restoration of the canals’ originally designed cross-sections. The results showed a clear change in canal morphology, which has increased the volume of water in the affected canals. In some cases, the volume of water has increased by 59%, which could have negative consequences for Egypt’s water resources. Sustainable management of water resources in Egypt requires saving each water droplet, and canal rehabilitation is expected to save about 6.56 million m3/year by the year 2022.

Use of seepage meters in a groundwater – lake interaction study in a fractured rock basin — a case study

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 984-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Attanayake ◽  
D. H. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Fractured Rock ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Interaction Study ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Seepage Meters ◽  
Seepage Meter ◽  
Seepage Measurements ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Applications of seepage meters in lakes with slight bottom sediments in fractured rock basins have not been reported. A study of the hydrogeology of Long Lake, at Halifax, Nova Scotia, used seepage meters in this situation. Fifteen meters were installed in the 1.7 km2 lake — seven in a line extending from the shore, the remaining eight on the lake periphery. Seepage measurements were made monthly over 1 year. Groundwater levels were measured in boreholes in the fractured granite of the watershed. A positive inflow of groundwater to the lake occurred through the year, seepage flux at the shoreline meters varied from 0.15 to 0.78 mL∙m−2∙s−1, with no consistent seasonal variations. Seepage decreased exponentially with offshore distance. A linear relationship was evident between water levels in a borehole near the shore and rate of seepage at the closest meter. Chloride applied to this borehole was reflected in elevated chloride concentrations in seepage collected by the meter. Key words: seepage meter, groundwater – lake system, fractured rock tracers.

Effects of Global Climate Change on Water Resources in Rwanda: Lake Kivu Case Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 55-57 ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Habiyaremye ◽  
Ji Wen Ge ◽  
Jean de la Paix Mupenzi ◽  
Waheed O. Balogun ◽  
Sitienei Anne Jerop
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Lake Kivu

Climate change is emerging as one of the most miscellaneous expressions of the global change nowadays. It potentially affects ecosystems including water resources. The change of climate also has significant impacts on the availability of water, as well as the quality and quantity of water that is available and accessible. Aiming at studying the effect of climate change on water resources, 25 years collected secondary data of both climatic and hydro-meteorological stations were used and Statistical analysis was performed using ORIGIN PRO 8.0 Software. The study linked the surface elevation of Lake Kivu variation with respect to climate change where the level of the lake matches to pluviometric and anomalies values. Finally, the statistical analysis could not directly link the temperature variation with that of surface water level in the lake. Climate change is real and happening now and surely affects water resources among others making an urgent need to control anthropogenic inputs into the atmosphere, one of the factors forcing climate change.

scholarly journals ASSESSING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USE FOR EXPANDING IRRIGATION IN THE BURITI VERMELHO WATERSHED

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Elise Wendt ◽  
Lineu Neiva Rodrigues ◽  
Roel Dijksma ◽  
Jos C Van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Management Group ◽  
Irrigated Area ◽  
Potential Use

ASSESSING GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USE FOR EXPANDING IRRIGATION IN THE BURITI VERMELHO WATERSHED  DORIS ELISE WENDT1; LINEU NEIVA RODRIGUES2; ROEL DIJKSMA3; JOS C VAN DAM4 [1] Wageningen University, the Netherlands. [email protected];2Embrapa Cerrados, BR020, km18, CEP 73310970, Planaltina, DF.  [email protected];3 Hydrology and Quantative Water Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. [email protected];4 Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands. [email protected];  1 ABSTRACT In Brazil, the increasing middle class has raised food demand substantially. The Brazilian Savannah (Cerrados) is one of the rare places where agriculture can expand and address this new demand without jeopardizing the environment. Cerrados has a strictly divided dry and wet season. The dry season lasts from May to September. This long period contributes to various problems such as water shortages, conflicts and insecure food production. Without irrigation, only two crops can be grown per year in this region. Production suffers with a recurrent drought. Because agricultural production is uncertain, irrigation has an important role in this context, but its expansion is limited by water availability. Water conflicts have already occurred in some watersheds, which may jeopardize agriculture and decrease the livelihood of rural communities. In general, water for irrigation is limited to surface water. Therefore, it is important to investigate alternative sources of water, like groundwater. The purpose of this study is to assess the groundwater potential for expanding the irrigated area in a small-scale catchment (Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brazil). The current water demand was investigated and simulated by an Irrigation Strategies Simulation Model (MSEI). A daily water balance was computed, which quantified catchment storage over time. In addition, groundwater behavior and availability were investigated by recession curve analysis. The irrigated area was changed using two scenarios that showed different effects in both catchment surface water balance and groundwater levels. A decline in groundwater levels is seen in all scenarios one year after the beginning of extra extraction. With time, water levels may decline beyond the natural recovery capacity, which will certainly penalize poorer farmers and result in areas being taken out of agricultural production. Keywords: Base flow Recession, Catchment Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Crop Water Productivity  WENDT, D.E.; RODRIGUES, L.N.; DIJKSMA, R.; DAM, J.C. VANAVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL DE USO DA ÁGUA SUBTERRÂNEA PARA EXPANSÃO DA IRRIGAÇÃO NA BACIA DO BURITI VERMELHO   2 RESUMO A demanda por alimentos no Brasil cresceu substancialmente devido, entre outras coisas, ao aumento da classe média. O Cerrado brasileiro é um dos poucos lugares no país onde a agricultura ainda pode expandir e atender a essa nova demanda, sem comprometer o meio ambiente. A região do Cerrado possui duas estações climáticas bem definidas, uma seca e outra chuvosa. O longo período da estação seca, que vai de maio a setembro, contribui para o surgimento de vários problemas, entre eles restrições hídricas, conflitos e insegurança na produção de alimentos. Sem irrigação, apenas dois plantios podem ser feitos por ano. Os cultivos sofrem com os veranicos e a produção é incerta. A irrigação é de fundamental importância nesse contexto, mas sua expansão é limitada pela disponibilidade de água. Em algumas bacias hidrográficas já se observam a ocorrência de conflitos, que podem comprometer a agricultura irrigada e a qualidade de vida das comunidades rurais. De maneira geral, a água para irrigação é de superfície. Desta forma, é importante investigar fontes alternativas de água, com vista ao crescimento da irrigação, tais como a água subterrânea. O Objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar água subterrânea para expandir a agricultura irrigada na bacia hidrográfica do Buriti Vermelho, DF, Brasil. A demanda atual de água foi estimada por meio de um modelo de simulação de estratégias de irrigação (MSEI). Um balanço diário da água no solo foi realizado. O comportamento e a disponibilidade de água subterrânea foram avaliados por meio de uma análise da curva de recessão. Para fins da análise, foram utilizados três cenários de área irrigada, que indicaram diferentes efeitos tanto no perfil do balanço de água no solo quanto no nível do lençol freático. Nos três cenários avaliados, em apenas um ano após a expansão da área irrigada, verificou-se um rebaixamento do lençol freático, que pode atingir níveis abaixo da sua capacidade natural de recuperação. Esse rebaixamento penalizará principalmente os agricultores menores. Em alguns casos haverá necessidade de interromper a produção em algumas áreas. Palavras-chave: Curva de recessão, hidrologia, hidrogeologia, produtividade do uso da água

scholarly journals Impacts of groundwater extraction on groundwater flow and arsenic distribution in the western Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 09037
Author(s):  
Zhuo Zhang ◽  
Huaming Guo ◽  
Weiguang Zhao ◽  
Haicheng Weng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Labile Organic Matter ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Arsenic Distribution ◽  
Geochemical Parameters

Temporal variations in water levels are crucial for understanding As behaviour in groundwater systems. Groundwater levels were recorded in irrigation wells in non-irrigation and irrigation seasons. Groundwater samples were collected yearly in irrigation wells from 2014 to 2016 and in a multilevel well from 2015 to 2016 for analysing geochemical parameters. Results showed that groundwater flow direction was reversed due to groundwater pumping. The change of groundwater flow led to the surface water, as a new groundwater recharge source, which flushed the near-surface sediments enriched in soluble components and increased groundwater TDS. The labile organic matter introduced by the surface water recharge fueled dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III) oxides and further increased groundwater As concentration.

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