scholarly journals Integrating Basic Urban Services for Better Sanitation Outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6706
Author(s):  
Rebecca Scott ◽  
Pippa Scott ◽  
Peter Hawkins ◽  
Isabel Blackett ◽  
Andrew Cotton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Level ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Urban Services ◽  
Drainage Networks ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Development Outcomes

Rapid urbanization in developing countries demands better integration of planning and delivery of basic services if cities are to be sustainable, healthy and safe. Sanitation improvements are commonly overlooked as investments go towards more visible services such as water supplies and drainage networks. The Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation and hygiene currently remains severely off-track. This paper presents the findings of a Delphi method survey to identify expert consensus on both why and how to integrate sanitation, by which we mean both sewered and non-sewered sanitation services, into other basic urban services (including water supply, drainage, energy and roads) to achieve better sanitation and broader development outcomes, notably for poor citizens. Consensus on why integration is important highlights the physical interdependence of services, where neglect of one service can compromise gains from another investment or service. Consensus on how includes actions to address political priorities and leadership; governance and capacity constraints; clearer planning, procurement and financing mechanisms; and adopting incremental approaches matched to wider urban strategies. It was suggested that achieving these actions would improve accountability, monitoring and service level audits. Experience from previous integrated urban programmes should be incorporated into formulating new sanitation service agreements across all service types. Supported by better-informed dialogue and decision-making between those responsible for urban sanitation and for associated basic services, we suggest integrated and incremental approaches will enable more sustainable urban services planning to achieve ‘quality of life’ outcomes for poor urban residents.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Sustainable Services

The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.

Skimpy Wash Financing in Bangladesh: Overall Trend and Regional Disparities

GIS Business ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Mohommod Lutful Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Budget Allocation ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
National Budget ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Development Goals

The access to Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) services is one of our basic needs without which no human being can service, let alone lead a decent life. Therefore, promotion of water and sanitation services are placed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) taken by UN for an extended period from 2016-2030. In line with this goal, the governments of developing countries are increasing their budget allocation to attain this decent living target. However, allocations are, in many cases, inadequate and skewed among different geographic regions. Further, due to an absence of separate ministry or authority to manage this important, but often neglected function of governments, allocations are disguised under other heads of allocations made for different ministries and make the assessment of allocation even more difficult. In the context of WASH sector in Bangladesh, the objective of this paper is thus to demonstrate an effective methodology to capture WASH data at national and district level, to make such assessment possible. Data on WASH allocation was compiled from national budget statements, relevant inter-ministerial reports, and other local government offices related to WASH. Ambiguity on data was further clarified through interviews with concerned government officials from different ministries and local government offices. Analyzing WASH budget allocation for a period of six years under this framework, this paper indicates that WASH allocation in Bangladesh remains inadequate and highly inequitable to attain SDG.

scholarly journals Towards sustained sanitation services: a review of existing frameworks and an alternative framework combining ecological and sanitation life stage approaches

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Made Utami Dwipayanti ◽  
Tri Dung Phung ◽  
Shannon Rutherford ◽  
Cordia Chu
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Public Health Approach ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Alternative Framework ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Adoption Factors ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Despite increased promotion, sanitation programmes have varying degrees of success partly because of limited consideration of the wider context beyond individual factors in programme design. Although a recent model, Integrated Behaviour Model for Water Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) comprehensively addresses this gap, the model focuses on the initial adoption factors and lacks emphasis on the functioning of the entire sanitation system from toilet usage to the safe disposal of the waste. Hence application of the model is limited, to some degree, in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals for sanitation which have broadened the scope for sustainable sanitation service. Based on a review of available frameworks, this paper proposes an alternative comprehensive framework using an ecological public health approach to health determinants but does so through application across the spectrum of sanitation stages. A systematic literature review on sanitation adoption factors and comparative analysis of the proposed framework and the IBM-WASH framework was conducted to analyse the benefits of the framework. The findings show that different factors operate differently for each sanitation service stage, requiring a different set of actions for each stage. Our alternative framework can better address factors across sanitation stages and encourage collaboration among stakeholders with different disciplinary backgrounds.

scholarly journals Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Sustainable Services

The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.

Pro-poor governance in water and sanitation service delivery: evidence from Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water surveys

2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Fuente ◽  
J Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Monitoring Effort ◽  
Equity Policy ◽  
Iterative Coding

Aims: The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for water and sanitation seeks to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water and access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene. This article examines what governments are doing to achieve this, paying particular attention to actions that governments report taking to better serve the poor and other vulnerable populations (i.e. pro-poor governance). This article also assesses the extent to which, and how, UN-Water’s Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) has tracked governments’ efforts to reach the poor since the inception of this global monitoring effort. Method: This article employs qualitative document analysis and iterative coding to identify pro-poor governance themes examined in GLAAS reports from 2008 to 2016 and provides a quantitative summary of findings related to pro-poor governance from the most recent GLAAS surveys. Results: The dimensions of pro-poor governance and number of questions related to pro-poor governance in GLAAS surveys have increased from 2008 to 2016. While the majority of countries report taking actions to promote equity, many countries did not provide information about specific actions they were taking to provide better services to the poor. Moreover, several actions countries reported taking (e.g. implementing an increasing block tariff) are likely to be ineffective. Conclusion: The findings of this study raise concerns about the extent to which governments are taking – or are positioned to take – effective action to meet the SDG aspiration of safe and affordable water and sanitation services for all. Without information on what countries are doing to promote equity, policy makers and researchers are unable to discern which policies are effective in different contexts.

scholarly journals Moving Up the Ladder: Assessing Sanitation Progress through a Total Service Gap

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1735
Author(s):  
Stuart Kempster ◽  
Andrés Hueso
Keyword(s):  
Universal Access ◽  
Service Level ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
The Public ◽  
Perverse Incentives ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Service Gap ◽  
Core Indicator

The Sustainable Development Goals create ambitious targets for achieving universal access to safely managed sanitation by 2030. The core indicator for SDG 6.2 creates positive incentives for governments, and development partners to invest in the whole sanitation chain, recognising the public health benefits of managing waste beyond initial containment. However, the target and indicators also create risks. Global accountability could be undermined by the challenge of accounting for progress across different service levels below the target of safely managed. There could also be perverse incentives to upgrade existing services, in order to meet the benchmark of safely managed, at the expense of extending basic services to those currently unserved. This paper examines methodological options for calculating a ‘total service gap’, a measure that would combine data on each rung of the service ladder to quantify how far away each country is from universal safely managed services. It conducts a sensitivity analysis to assess the validity of using uniform service level weights, and finds that this approach could add value to existing metrics. Through alternative data visualisations and other devices, it is argued that the total service gap could help to address the risks surrounding global accountability and perverse incentives.

Water and sanitation policies for improving health in South Africa: overcoming the institutional legacy of apartheid

Water Policy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 627-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edina Sinanovic ◽  
Sandi Mbatsha ◽  
Stephen Gundry ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
Clas Rehnberg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The South ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
New Policies

The burden of water-related disease is closely related to both the socio-economic situation and public health issues like access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene services. Poverty eradication, through improved access to water and sanitation, is the South African government's major priority. This is partly achieved through subsidising the cost of water and sanitation provision to the poor in rural areas. Whilst the new policies have made a remarkable impact on improved access to water and sanitation services, a general problem since the new approach in 1994 has been the lack of integration of policies for water and sanitation and health. This paper analyses the policies concerning rural water supply and sanitation in South Africa. It considers the structure of institutions, the division of responsibilities and legislated and financial capacity of the South Africa's water sector. A more integrated approach for the policies aiming at water access, sanitation and health is needed. In addition, as the local government's capacity to implement different programmes is limited, a review of the financing system is necessary.

Improving Urban Infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-175
Author(s):  
Rajiv Gauba
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Urban Mission ◽  
Urban Services ◽  
Flow Of Funds ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Key Indicators

The investment needs in basic infrastructure that determine the pace of development of cities are considerably higher than the quantum of flow of funds. The key indicators of the major urban services reveal that there is a failure to achieve even moderate success in service delivery. The components of the traditional approach to financing urban services have been grants and loans from government-owned financial institutions on basis of guarantees. The urban local bodies (ULBs) in India are weak in terms of capacity to raise both resources and financial autonomy. Given the major risks involved, private sector has also largely stayed away from urban infrastructure projects, until very recently. These have resulted in huge gap between the demand and supply of urban basic services. The present government has launched several Missions to promote urban development in the country through strict adherence to reforms to strengthen financial and governance capacities of ULBs and participating in competition at state and city levels to qualify for accessing resources apart from other grants-based missions. In this context, the article discusses the investment requirements, progress of programmatic interventions for urban development in India and their financing mechanism. The article focuses on recently completed Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) and the newly launched National Urban Mission programmes.

scholarly journals Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bain ◽  
Richard Johnston ◽  
Francesco Mitis ◽  
Christie Chatterley ◽  
Tom Slaymaker
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Joint Monitoring ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), through the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), are responsible for global monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). The SDGs represent a fundamental shift in household WASH monitoring with a new focus on service levels and the incorporation of hygiene. This article reflects on the process of establishing SDG baselines and the methods used to generate national, regional and global estimates for the new household WASH indicators. The JMP 2017 update drew on over 3000 national data sources, primarily household surveys (n = 1443), censuses (n = 309) and administrative data (n = 1494). Whereas most countries could generate estimates for basic drinking water and basic sanitation, fewer countries could report on basic handwashing facilities, water quality and the disposal of waste from onsite sanitation. Based on data for 96 and 84 countries, respectively, the JMP estimates that globally 2.1 billion (29%) people lacked safely managed drinking water services and 4.5 billion (61%) lacked safely managed sanitation services in 2015. The expanded JMP inequalities database also finds substantial disparities by wealth and sub-national regions. The SDG baselines for household WASH reveal the scale of the challenge associated with achieving universal safely managed services and the substantial acceleration needed in many countries to achieve even basic services for everyone by 2030. Many countries have begun to localise the global SDG targets and are investing in data collection to address the SDG data gaps, whether through the integration of new elements in household surveys or strengthening collection and reporting of information through administrative and regulatory systems.

scholarly journals A STUDY OF DRINKING WATER AND SANITATION IN INDIA UNDER THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2030

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Dr. Basanta Kalita
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Paris Declaration ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Development Goals

The SDGs agenda is the outcome of a series of international conferences on the issue of environmental sustainability. A principle of common and differentiated responsibility was endorsed by the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20 (2012). The political commitments from the world leaders were confirmed during the 3rd International Conference on Financing for Development held in Addis Ababa in July 2015 for a common policy on sustainable development. The goals are broad based and interdependent. Finally the Paris Declaration on Climate Change (2016) paved the way for the adoption of a comprehensive list of goals to be achieved by 2030. Each of the 17 sustainable development goals has a list of targets which are measured with indicators and are interdependent. The present study will be confined to the 6th goal which is ensuring “Clean water and Sanitation” in the Indian context. KEYWORDS: SDGs agenda, Climate Change, employment, sanitation services

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document