scholarly journals Emergy-Based Sustainability Analysis of an Ecologically Integrated Model with Maize Planting for Silage and Pig-Raising in the North China Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyu Yun ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Ruixing Hou ◽  
Zhigang Sun ◽  
Peifei Cong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Economic Profit ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The North ◽  
Loading Ratio ◽  
Emergy Value

The structure of the pig-raising sector in China is changing towards large-scale and intensive systems or ecological pig-raising systems (EPRSs). To choose the best EPRS with high economic benefits and with low environmental consequences, this study combined economic analysis and emergy analysis methods to evaluate several EPRSs. Having a large percentage of maize silage in the feed (max 40%) to replace some maize increased the economic benefit and sustainability of the EPRS and decreased the pressure on the environment. The raising system that consisted of Tuhe black pigs fed feed containing maize silage (EPRS C) performed especially well. The yield-based economic profit and area-based economic profit of EPRS C increased by 37%–54% and 3%–17%, respectively, compared to those of the three-breed crossbred pig-raising systems with or without maize silage added to the feed (EPRS A and EPRS B). Its unit emergy value and emergy loading ratio were 9–22% and 10–15% lower, respectively, than those of EPRS A and EPRS B. Furthermore, its emergy yield ratio and emergy sustainability index were about 2% and 14%–19% higher, respectively, than those of EPRS A and EPRS B. To some extent, the results from EPRS C give some guidelines on improving the performance of the ecological pig-raising sector in China. Moreover, using a high concentration of maize silage in the feed and an optimal local pig type may be beneficial for the sustainability of the ecological pig-raising sector in China.

The Sedimentary Structures and Depositional Mechanics of Certain Ordovician Turbidites, Cloridorme Formation, Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec

1975 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934-1952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Skipper ◽  
Gerard V. Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Turbidity Currents ◽  
Upstream Migration ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Sedimentary Structures ◽  
The North ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula ◽  
Gaspé Peninsula

Turbidites, belonging to the β1, member, Cloridorme Formation, are exposed on the north shore of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. Their structural attitude is such that vertical sections through turbidite beds are exposed on the wave-cut platform and their strike is approximately parallel to the paleocurrent direction, as shown by sole marks on the bases of beds.Certain thick turbidite beds, in a distal position, display a sequence of sedimentary structures which differs from the sequence defined by Bouma. Three broad divisions are recognized: a basal division consists of either limestone or quartz granule to pebble conglomerate (0–4 cm thick) or coarse sand graywacke or calcareous wacke (0–15 cm thick). Basal divisions of calcareous wacke frequently display ripple-lamination, parallel lamination, or upstream-inclined laminae. Where the upstream inclined laminae form a single set, they occur below a sinuous profile (wavelength 40–80 cm, and amplitude 2–5 cm).A second division (0–330 cm thick) consists in most places of spindle- or globular-shaped calcareous nodules scattered in an argillaceous host. In some beds, streaking and lobing of light colored, carbonate bearing material is associated with these nodules. Internal hemi-ellipsoid structures, arranged en echelon and convex towards the base of the bed, are displayed from the second division. The upper division consists of fine grained siltstone and shale.The upstream-inclined laminae in the basal division of calcareous wacke beds are interpreted as being the result of the upstream migration of antidunes. The nodules within the second division developed as 'pseudo-nodules'. The hemi-ellipsoid structures resemble damped, large scale (macroturbulent) eddies associated with the flow of dense grain dispersions.Correlation of these beds has been achieved over a distance of 12 km. Basal divisions of granule and pebble conglomerate persist over this distance and show that coarse particles may be transported by turbidity currents over long distances. The sedimentary structures of the basal divisions of several calcareous wacke beds might be interpreted as the result of either an increase in flow regime downcurrent, or of nonpreservation of structures at up-current localities.The beds were probably deposited from turbidity currents composed largely of mud and fine sand, but containing a zone of coarse grains concentrated near the bed. The basal division was deposited from this lower zone and a period of traction formed rippled, flat, or antidune bed forms. Stratification in the basal division was preserved by the rapid deposition on top of sediment that settled en masse from the subsequent high concentration body of the current. The formation of a succession of 'quick' beds led to the sedimentation of the second division. The flows responsible for the sequence of structures observed and the downcurrent persistence of the beds probably approached closely a state of 'autosuspension'.

scholarly journals The Climatology of Lower Tropospheric Temperature Inversions in China from Radiosonde Measurements: Roles of Black Carbon, Local Meteorology, and Large-Scale Subsidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (21) ◽  
pp. 9327-9350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Guo ◽  
Xinyan Chen ◽  
Tianning Su ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
Youtong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Tropospheric Temperature ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Meteorology ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Temperature Inversions

AbstractThe variability of the lower tropospheric temperature inversion (TI) across China remains poorly understood. Using seven years’ worth of high-resolution radiosonde measurements at 120 sites, we compile the climatology of lower tropospheric TI in terms of frequency, intensity, and depth during the period from 2011 to 2017. The TI generally exhibits strong seasonal and geographic dependencies. Particularly, the TI frequency is found to be high in winter and low in summer, likely due to the strong aerosol radiative effect in winter. The frequency of the surface-based inversion (SBI) exhibits a “west low, east high” pattern at 0800 Beijing time (BJT), which then switches to “west high, east low” at 2000 BJT. Both the summertime SBI and elevated inversion (EI) reach a peak at 0800 BJT and a trough at 1400 BJT. Interestingly, the maximum wintertime EI frequency occurs over Southeast China (SEC) rather than over the North China Plain (NCP), likely attributable to the combination of the heating effect of black carbon (BC) originating from the NCP, along with the strong subsidence and trade inversion in SEC. Correlation analyses between local meteorology and TI indicate that larger lower tropospheric stability (LTS) favors more frequent and stronger TIs, whereas the stronger EI under smaller LTS conditions (unstable atmosphere) is more associated with subsidence rather than BC. Overall, the spatial pattern of the lower tropospheric TI and its variability in China are mainly controlled by three factors: local meteorology, large-scale subsidence, and BC-induced heating. These findings help shed some light on the magnitude, spatial distribution, and underlying mechanisms of the lower tropospheric TI variation in China.

A validation of eddy covariance technique for measuring crop evapotranspiration on different time scales in the North China Plain

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Fangfang Wang ◽  
Donghao Ma ◽  
Wenju Zhao ◽  
Yunxuan Lu ◽  
Ding Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Different Time Scales

Accurate determination of evapotranspiration (ET) has tremendous potential in guiding irrigation and improving the efficiency of water resources utilization in the North China Plain. Eddy covariance (EC) method is currently a popular method for determining field-scale ET. However, due to varying foot print and unclosed energy balance, the applicability of EC in different regions needs to be tested and corrected. In present work, we compared the ET of the winter wheat – summer maize rotation cropland measured by the EC method with the ET measured by large-scale lysimeters on different time scales. The degree of energy balance closure of EC measurements in this region is 78%. After adjusted by using Bowen ratio forced closure method, the ET monitored by EC is comparable with those monitored by large-scale lysimeters. The results also indicated that the consistency of the observed ET by the EC and lysimeters got better with an increasing time scale, especially for the multi-year average ET values with a relative deviation of less than 1%. The short-time events such as irrigation and precipitation and the mismatch of the varying footprint area of the EC and the small fixed source area of the lysimeter should be responsible for the discrepancy of ET in two methods on daily scale. However, the factors of crop biomass, total available water, and local climate condition exert more effects on the observed ET on large time scale. Overall, the EC technique is responsible for ET measurement of winter wheat – summer maize rotation cropland of the North China Plain.

Emergy analysis of grain production systems on large-scale farms in the North China Plain based on LCA

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Wang ◽  
Yuanquan Chen ◽  
Peng Sui ◽  
Wangsheng Gao ◽  
Feng Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Emergy Analysis ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

scholarly journals A multi-scale approach to cost/benefit analyses of landslide prevention vs. post-event actions

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1329-1355
Author(s):  
G. Salbego ◽  
M. Floris ◽  
E. Busnardo ◽  
M. Toaldo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
The North

Abstract. The main aim of this paper is to test economic benefits of landslide prevention measures vs. post-event emergency actions. To this end, small and large scale analyses were performed in a training area located in the North-Eastern Italian pre-Alps that was hit by an exceptional rainfall event occurred in November 2010. At the small-scale, landslide susceptibility was initially assessed using a simple probabilistic analysis, which allowed to highlight the main landslide conditioning factors and the most hazardous areas. However, this approach revealed to be quite insufficient to reach planned goals, so a large-scale case-by-case analysis was performed: a study case was defined, according to landslide occurrence frequency and assessment of elements at risk. Numerical modeling demonstrated that remedial works carried out after the landslide – water-removal intervention such as a drainage trench – could have improved slope stability if applied before its occurrence. Then, a cost-benefit analysis was finally employed. It defined that prevention would have been economically convenient compared to a non-preventive and passive attitude, allowing a 30% saving relative to total costs. Therefore, this kind of approach could be actually used as a mean toward preventive soil protection not only within the investigated case study, but also in all those hazardous areas where preventive measures are needed.

scholarly journals Effect of rainfall-induced diabatic heating over southern China on the formation of wintertime haze on the North China Plain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiadong An ◽  
Lifang Sheng ◽  
Chun Li ◽  
Wen Chen ◽  
Yulian Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rossby Wave ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Diabatic Heating ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Wave Source ◽  
Anticyclonic Circulation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

Abstract. During the winters (December–February) between 1985 and 2015, the North China Plain (NCP) suffered many periods of heavy haze, and these episodes were contemporaneous with extreme rainfall over southern China; i.e., South Rainfall−North Haze events. The formation of such haze events depends on meteorological conditions, which are controlled by the atmospheric circulation associated with rainfall over southern China, but the underlying physical mechanism remains unclear. This study uses observations and model simulations to demonstrate that haze over the NCP is modulated by anomalous anticyclonic circulation caused by the Rossby wave train, in conjunction with the north−south circulation system (NSC), which ascends over southern China, moves north into northern China near 200–250 hPa, and then descends in the study area. Moreover, in response to rainfall heating, southern China is an obvious Rossby wave source, supporting waves along the subtropical westerly jet waveguide and finally strengthening anticyclonic circulation over the NCP. Composite analysis indicates that these changes lead to a stronger descending motion, higher relative humidity, and a weaker northerly wind, which favors the production and accumulation of haze over the NCP. A linear baroclinic model (LBM) simulation reproduced the observed NSC reasonably well and supports the diagnostic analysis. Quasi-geostrophic (QG) vertical pressure velocity (ω) diagnostics were used to quantify the contributions to the NSC made by large-scale adiabatic forcing and diabatic heating. The results indicated that the NSC is induced mainly by diabatic heating related to precipitation over southern China, and the effect of large-scale circulation is negligible. These results provide the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that drive the formation of haze over the NCP.

scholarly journals High-resolution based sustainable livestock management in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiping Zhu ◽  
Xiuming Zhang ◽  
Hongmin Dong ◽  
Sitong Wang ◽  
Stefan Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
The North ◽  
Detailed Assessment ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Livestock Systems

Abstract China is the largest producer of livestock globally, and associated nutrient losses and greenhouse gases emission have substantially affected the environment and human health. Here we present a first detailed assessment of livestock systems using over 480,000 feedlot surveys over the period from 2007 to 2017 across China. Results indicate that China produced more livestock protein with fewer animal numbers and total pollution impacts through better breeding and feeding in large-scale feedlots over this period. Hotspots of production can be observed across the North China Plain, Northeastern China and Sichuan Basin. The Clean Water Act reduced manure nutrient losses to water by one third, while slightly increasing methane emissions over the study period. Integrated abatement measures could reduce more than half of livestock pollution in 2050, with benefits of 30 billion US dollar (USD) due to avoided human health, ecosystem and climate costs with only 6 billion USD abatement cost.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document