scholarly journals Determination of GPS Session Duration in Ground Deformation Surveys in Mining Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6127
Author(s):  
Maciej Bazanowski ◽  
Anna Szostak-Chrzanowski ◽  
Adam Chrzanowski
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Level ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Overburden Rock ◽  
Session Length ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Session Duration ◽  
Geodetic Measurements ◽  
Satellite Positioning ◽  
Supply Information

Extraction of underground minerals causes subsidence of the ground surface due to gravitational forces. The subsidence rate depends on the type of extracted ore, as well as its shape, thickness, and depth. Additionally, the embedding and overburden rock properties influence the time needed for the deformations to reach the surface. Using the results of geodetic deformation monitoring, which supply the information on pattern and magnitude of surface deformation, the performance of the mine may be evaluated. The monitoring can supply information on the actual rock mass behaviour during the operation and in many cases during the years after the mining operations have ceased. Geodetic methods of deformation monitoring supply information on the absolute and relative displacements (changes in position in a selected coordinate system) from which displacement and strain fields for the monitored object may be derived. Thus, geodetic measurements provide global information on absolute and relative displacements over large areas, either at discrete points or continuous in the space domain. The geodetic methods are affected by errors caused by atmospheric refraction and delay of electromagnetic signal. Since geodetic measurements allow for redundancy and statistical evaluation of the quality of the data, they generally provide reliable results. Usually, the designed accuracy of deformation measurements should allow for the detection of at least one third of the expected maximum deformations over the desired time span at the 95% probability level. In ground subsidence studies in mining areas, 10 mm accuracy at 95% level in both vertical and horizontal displacements is typically required. In the case of salt mines, the process of ground subsidence in viscous rock is slow; therefore, subsidence monitoring surveys may be performed once a year. In subsidence determination, two techniques are commonly used: leveling and satellite positioning. The satellite positioning technique is used to determine the 3D (horizontal coordinates and height) or 2D position of monitored points (only horizontal coordinates). When comparing the heights determined from satellite and leveling surveys, it has to be noted that the leveling heights are referred with respect to the geoid (orthometric heights), while heights determined from satellite surveys are referred with respect to the ellipsoid (ellipsoidal height). In the case of satellite surveys, the accuracy of horizontal position is typically 2–3 times better than vertical. The analysis of the optimal session duration lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of horizontal coordinates at 95% confidence level, the satellite positioning session length using Global Positioning System (GPS) should be at least three hours long. In order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of height coordinate at 95% confidence level in a single observation session, the GPS session length should be at least twelve hours long.

scholarly journals Deformation monitoring and prediction for residential areas in the Panji mining area based on an InSAR time series analysis and the GM-SVR model

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 738-749
Author(s):  
Jinchao Li ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Jiaguo Lu ◽  
Tingye Tao
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Series Analysis

Abstract Underground coal mining activities often cause ground subsidence and damage to surface construction, which seriously threatens the lives and property of residents in mining areas. In this paper, the deformation of the Yang Juzhuang village, which is a residential area in the Huainan mining area (China), was monitored through an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis. The vertical displacements were detected using thirteen Sentinel-1A images that were acquired between December 2016 and May 2017. The validity and applicability of the method are verified by comparing the acquired images with the GPS measurement results. Because of the deformation characteristics of the mining area, a prediction model that is combined with a grey support vector machine regression (GM-SVR) is proposed, and the practical effects of the model are verified using the deformation monitoring results of the study area. The combination of this model and SBAS-InSAR provides rapid dynamic monitoring and enables the issuance of disaster warnings in the region.

scholarly journals Subsidence Monitoring of Fill Area in Yan’an New District Based on Sentinel-1A Time Series Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3044
Author(s):  
Mingjie Liao ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Jichao Lv ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Jiatai Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Loess Area

In recent years, many cities in the Chinese loess plateau (especially in Shanxi province) have encountered ground subsidence problems due to the construction of underground projects and the exploitation of underground resources. With the completion of the world’s largest geotechnical project, called “mountain excavation and city construction,” in a collapsible loess area, the Yan’an city also appeared to have uneven ground subsidence. To obtain the spatial distribution characteristics and the time-series evolution trend of the subsidence, we selected Yan’an New District (YAND) as the specific study area and presented an improved time-series InSAR (TS-InSAR) method for experimental research. Based on 89 Sentinel-1A images collected between December 2017 to December 2020, we conducted comprehensive research and analysis on the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence in YAND. The monitoring results showed that the YAND is relatively stable in general, with deformation rates mainly in the range of −10 to 10 mm/yr. However, three significant subsidence funnels existed in the fill area, with a maximum subsidence rate of 100 mm/yr. From 2017 to 2020, the subsidence funnels enlarged, and their subsidence rates accelerated. Further analysis proved that the main factors induced the severe ground subsidence in the study area, including the compressibility and collapsibility of loess, rapid urban construction, geological environment change, traffic circulation load, and dynamic change of groundwater. The experimental results indicated that the improved TS-InSAR method is adaptive to monitoring uneven subsidence of deep loess area. Moreover, related data and information would provide reference to the large-scale ground deformation monitoring and in similar loess areas.

Deformation Monitoring and Data Analysis for Metro Construction with Mining Method in Dalian

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 1604-1608
Author(s):  
Guang Bin Bai ◽  
Jie Zhao ◽  
Li Sheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Construction Method ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Tunnel Construction ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Subway Tunnel ◽  
The Future

Based on a subway tunnel construction, the construction method was introduced. The ground subsidence, crown settlement and convergence displacement caused by the cut tunnel are monitored during the tunneling construction and the results of monitoring data for them are analyzed. This technology wells to guide the tunnel-entering construction effectively and avoid the tunnel-entering construction process prone to landslides, thus ensuring the safety of the tunnel construction and will guiding the future construction.

scholarly journals Slope ranking and geohazards correlation analysis for combined open-underground mining area

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Jin
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Factor Data

Geohazards in mining areas are mainly ground subsidence, slope landslides and ground cracks, surface cover degradation and environmental ecological pattern destruction. The classification and rank of terrain slope and the feature area extraction of the slope are the important content for the correlation analysis with the geohazards. The slope classification and rank index system for soil and water conservation, land use and man-made ground disasters was analyzed. According to the characteristics of open pit and underground associated mining area, we comprehensively analyzed the spatial correlation between different ground disaster and terrain features and landform types, and propose a new slope ranking index, dividing slope zones and forming slope classification map. Especially slope area of 35-45 degrees and more than 45 degrees was extracted, and the relationship between regional geohazards and slope zone was analyzed. The application of terrestrial laser scanning technology to establish open-pit high precision digital elevation model, extraction of slope, slope type, gully density characteristic factor, topography factor data sets are established, and correlation analysis, to enhance disaster information content.

scholarly journals Deformation Monitoring in an Alpine Mining Area in the Tianshan Mountains Based on SBAS-InSAR Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Qingsong Du ◽  
Guoyu Li ◽  
Yu Zhou ◽  
Mingtang Chai ◽  
Dun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mining Area ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Tianshan Mountains ◽  
Surface Subsidence ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Maximum Settlement ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Sbas Insar

The fragile habitat of alpine mining areas can be greatly affected by surface disturbances caused by mining activities, particularly open-pit mining activities, which greatly affect the periglacial environment. SBAS-InSAR technology enables the processing of SAR images to obtain highly accurate surface deformation information. This paper applied SBAS-InSAR technology to obtain three years of surface subsidence information based on the 89-scene Sentinel-1A SLC products, covering a mining area (tailings and active areas) in the Tianshan Mountains and its surroundings from 25th December 2017 to 2nd January 2021. The data were adopted to analyze the characteristics of deformation in the study region and the mining areas, and the subsidence accumulation was compared with field GNSS observation results to verify its accuracy. The results showed that the study area settled significantly, with a maximum settlement rate of −44.80 mm/a and a maximum uplift rate of 28.04 mm/a. The maximum settlement and accumulation of the whole study area over the three-year period were −129.39 mm and 60.49 mm, respectively. The mining area had a settlement value of over 80 mm over the three years. Significantly, the settlement rates of the tailings and active areas were −35 mm/a and −40 mm/a, respectively. Debris accumulation in the eastern portion of the tailings and active areas near the mountain was serious, with accumulation rates of 25 mm/a and 20 mm/a, respectively, and both had accumulation amounts of around 70 mm. For mine tailing pile areas with river flows, the pile locations and environmental restoration should be appropriately adjusted at a later stage. For gravel pile areas, regular cleaning should be carried out, especially around the mining site and at the tunnel entrances and exits, and long-term deformation monitoring of these areas should be carried out to ensure safe operation of the mining site. The SBAS-InSAR measurements were able to yield deformations with high accuracies over a wide area and cost less human and financial resources than the GNSS measurement method. Furthermore, the measurement results were more macroscopic, with great application value for surface subsidence monitoring in alpine areas.

scholarly journals Mine Geological Environment Monitoring and Risk Assessment in Arid and Semiarid Areas

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Jin ◽  
Chicheng Yan ◽  
Yixuan Tang ◽  
Yilong Yin
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Surface Subsidence ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Coal Mining Area ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Along with the accelerated shift of coal mining to the ecologically fragile west, the contradiction between coal resource development and ecological protection in the western arid and semiarid coal mining areas is rapidly intensifying. Based on the above background, this thesis takes the coal mining area in the arid and semiarid regions as an example; applies the theories of ecology, coal mining subsidence, geodesy, and ecological restoration; uses remote sensing in synthetic aperture radar (SAR), geographic information system (GIS), and mathematical modelling to reveal the ecological evolution law of the mining area; measures the ecological damage of the mining area; and then proposes a reasonable ecological restoration strategy. The surface deformation monitoring study in the study area shows that on the whole, some areas in the study area have different degrees of surface subsidence disasters, and the maximum surface subsidence value exceeds 800 mm. From the distribution of surface subsidence in the study area, surface subsidence disasters mainly occur in the eastern and central mountainous areas rich in coal resources, as well as in the mining areas west of the Yellow River, and the subsidence basins are distributed in a series of irregular concentric ovals. In terms of the scale of surface subsidence in the study area, a total of 230.03 km2 of land in the study area showed surface subsidence hazards during the monitoring period, accounting for 13.78% of the total area of the study area, of which the area of severe subsidence was 44.98 km2 (2.69%). The area of more serious subsidence area is 101.33 km2 (6.07%), and the area affected by subsidence is 83.72 km2 (5.01%).

scholarly journals Applying primary data from permanent stations for geodynamic zoning

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Andrei Panzhin ◽  
◽  
Nataliia Panzhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Vector Field ◽  
Displacement Vector ◽  
Motion Vector ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Geodetic Measurements ◽  
Degree Of Convergence ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Introduction. The article focuses on present-day geodynamic motion in order to carry out geodynamic zoning of territories. Geodynamic monitoring may be both regional, for instance, of the Russian Federation, Ural region, geological rock mass, and it may also be local, i.e. covering a deposit and enclosing rock mass. Permanent stations of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) have been used as a source of data for deformation monitoring. Methodology included the method of visualizing geodynamic motions according to the results of cyclic geodetic measurements which makes it possible to single out active geological structures, blocks, and tectonic faults on reasonable grounds. Results. It has been shown that it is advisable to use not modules of observation station displacement vector values but their velocities reduced to an annual cycle as a key source of information on geodynamic motion at large spatial-temporal bases. It has been indicated that an important characteristic of geodynamic motion vector field is divergence which characterizes the degree of convergence or divergence of a vector flux. Summary. Basic theses have been identified of the method of present-day geodynamic motions monitoring and visualization in the form of a vector field according to the results of cyclic geodetic measurements. Based on experimental data, it has been determined that the present-day geodynamic motion is vortical being the indicator of active tectonic faulting.

A coherence estimation method for multi-temporal D-InSAR deformation monitoring in coal mining areas

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhai Gao ◽  
Daqing Ge ◽  
Linxin Wu ◽  
Zuoru Yin ◽  
Zhiyi Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
Coherence Estimation
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