scholarly journals Misrecognition in a Sustainability Capital: Race, Representation, and Transportation Survey Response Rates in the Portland Metropolitan Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4336
Author(s):  
Raoul S. Liévanos ◽  
Amy Lubitow ◽  
Julius Alexander McGee
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Inaccurate Estimation ◽  
Portland Metropolitan Area ◽  
Activity Survey ◽  
And Behavior

US household transportation surveys typically have limited coverage of and responses from people of color (POC), which may lead to inaccurate estimation of POC transportation access and behavior. We recast this technocratic understanding of representativeness as a problem of “racial misrecognition” in which racial group difference is obscured yet foundational for distributive transportation inequities and unsustainability. We linked 2008–2012 population and housing data to an apparent stratified random sample of 6107 household responses to the 2011 Oregon Household Activity Survey (OHAS) in a “sustainability capital”: the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. We detailed how the 2011 OHAS consistently overrepresented White households and underrepresented Latinx/Nonwhite households in aggregate and at the tract-level. We conducted tract-level spatial pattern and bivariate correlation analyses of our key variables of interest. As expected, our subsequent tract-level spatial error regression analysis demonstrated that the percent of Latinx/Nonwhite householders had a significant negative association with 2011 OHAS household response rates, net of other statistical controls. Further analyses revealed that the majority of the ten “typical” tracts that best represented the spatial error regression results and racial misrecognition in the OHAS exhibited historical and contemporary patterns of racial exclusion and socially unsustainable development in our study area.

GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE GREATER PORTLAND METROPOLITAN AREA, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray E. Wells ◽  
◽  
Ralph Haugerud ◽  
Russell C. Evarts ◽  
Alan Niem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Portland Metropolitan Area

scholarly journals RACE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy J. Schulz ◽  
Graciela B. Mentz ◽  
Natalie Sampson ◽  
Melanie Ward ◽  
Rhonda Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Equity ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Census Tracts ◽  
Detroit Metropolitan Area ◽  
Social Vulnerabilities

AbstractSince W. E. B. Du Bois documented the physical and social environments of Philadelphia’s predominantly African American Seventh Ward over a century ago, there has been continued interest in understanding the distribution of social and physical environments by racial make-up of communities. Characterization of these environments allows for documentation of inequities, identifies communities which encounter heightened risk, and can inform action to promote health equity. In this paper, we apply and extend Du Bois’s approach to examine the contemporary distribution of physical environmental exposures, health risks, and social vulnerabilities in the Detroit metropolitan area, one of the most racially-segregated areas in the United States. We begin by mapping the proximity of sensitive populations to hazardous land uses, their exposure to air pollutants and associated health risks, and social vulnerabilities, as well as cumulative risk (combined proximity, exposure, and vulnerability), across Census tracts. Next, we assess, quantitatively, the extent to which communities of color experience excess burdens of environmental exposures and associated health risks, economic and age-related vulnerabilities, and cumulative risk. The results, depicted in maps presented in the paper, suggest that Census tracts with greater proportions of people of color disproportionately encounter physical environmental exposures, socioeconomic vulnerabilities, and combined risk. Quantitative tests of inequality confirm these distributions, with statistically greater exposures, vulnerabilities, and cumulative risk in Census tracts with larger proportions of people of color. Together, these findings identify communities that experience disproportionate cumulative risk in the Detroit metropolitan area and quantify the inequitable distribution of risk by Census tract relative to the proportion of people of color. They identify clear opportunities for prioritizing communities for legislative, regulatory, policy, and local actions to promote environmental justice and health equity.

scholarly journals Combining multiple functional connectivity methods to improve causal inferences

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Sanchez-Romero ◽  
Michael W. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
False Positives ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Network Simulations ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractCognition and behavior emerge from brain network interactions, suggesting that causal interactions should be central to the study of brain function. Yet approaches that characterize relationships among neural time series—functional connectivity (FC) methods—are dominated by methods that assess bivariate statistical associations rather than causal interactions. Such bivariate approaches result in substantial false positives since they do not account for confounders (common causes) among neural populations. A major reason for the dominance of methods such as bivariate Pearson correlation (with functional MRI) and coherence (with electrophysiological methods) may be their simplicity. Thus, we sought to identify an FC method that was both simple and improved causal inferences relative to the most popular methods. We started with partial correlation, showing with neural network simulations that this substantially improves causal inferences relative to bivariate correlation. However, the presence of colliders (common effects) in a network resulted in false positives with partial correlation, though this was not a problem for bivariate correlations. This led us to propose a new combined functional connectivity method (combinedFC) that incorporates simple bivariate and partial correlation FC measures to make more valid causal inferences than either alone. We release a toolbox for implementing this new combinedFC method to facilitate improvement of FC-based causal inferences. CombinedFC is a general method for functional connectivity and can be applied equally to resting-state and task-based paradigms.

GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE GREATER PORTLAND METROPOLITAN AREA AND SURROUNDING REGIONS, OREGON AND WASHINGTON

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray E. Wells ◽  
◽  
Ralph A. Haugerud ◽  
Alan Niem ◽  
Wendy A. Niem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Geologic Map ◽  
Portland Metropolitan Area

Stories of Servitude

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-124
Author(s):  
Cati Coe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Place Of Origin

Most of the African research participants in northern New Jersey and the Washington DC metropolitan area told stories of deliberate humiliation or diminishment in which their place of origin or Blackness was used against them. Through these interactions and stories about these interactions, African care workers were becoming familiar with American racial categories, in which they were Black, mixed in with stereotypes about Africans as non-human and about immigrants stealing jobs from citizens. These insults incorporated them into American racial categories as “Blacks” and “people of color,” social categories of person that made little sense in their home countries. As a result, African care workers were becoming more sensitive to the experiences of African-Americans. Care workers take stories of racism to be paradigmatic of their experiences in the United States.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impacts of Smart Growth Policies on Home Developers in a Bi-state Metropolitan Area: Evidence from the Portland Metropolitan Area

Urban Studies ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 2219-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Dong ◽  
John Gliebe
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Location Choice ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Smart Growth ◽  
Planning Systems ◽  
Portland Metropolitan Area ◽  
Us Cities

While there are many empirical studies examining the effectiveness of smart growth policies, few of them study the perspective of developers, the major urban space producers in US cities. This article assesses the impacts of smart growth policies on home developers in the Portland bi-state metropolitan area by developing home developer location choice models. The study shows that home developers in the region are sensitive to most smart growth policies being implemented in the region, but they react to them differently across the border between Oregon and Washington due to their different land use planning systems. The findings suggest that smart growth policies impact single- and multifamily home developers’ location choices differently and that home developers exhibit strong spatial inertia in their location choice.

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