scholarly journals One Concept, Many Opinions: How Scientists in Germany Think About the Concept of Bioeconomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priefer ◽  
Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
The Political ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into

The official bioeconomy strategies in Europe and Germany pursue a technology-based implementation pathway and stipulate a wide range of objectives to be achieved with a bio-based economy. Reviews of the scientific and societal debate have shown that the technology fix meets criticism and that there is a controversial discussion about possible ways to shape the transition process. Against this background, an online survey was carried out among scientists involved in a regional bioeconomy research program in southern Germany in order to gain insight into their understanding of a bioeconomy. Moreover, the survey provides information about cooperation and major challenges in the future development of three biomass utilization pathways: biogas, lignocellulose, and microalgae. The analysis showed that a resource-oriented understanding of a bioeconomy is favored. The political objectives for a European bioeconomy are widely accepted, and it is expected that ongoing research can significantly contribute to achieving these goals. The two different pathways for shaping the bioeconomy that are discussed in the debate—the technology-based approach and the socio-ecological approach—are considered compatible rather than contrary. Up to now, scientific cooperation has prevailed, while cooperation with societal stakeholders and end-users has played a minor role.

Jointly but Severally: Arab-Jewish Dualism and Economic Growth in Mandatory Palestine

1985 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Metzer ◽  
Oded Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Political Conflict ◽  
The Political ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Dual Economy ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Economic Profile ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
And Performance ◽  
A Minor

Newly estimated national accounting data for the Arab community are utilized to provide a comparative economic profile of the Arab and Jewish sectors in mandatory Palestine's dual economy. It is shown that the Arab economy grew substantially, but at a much slower rate than the Jewish economy. Productivity advance, however, seems to have made a significantly larger relative contribution to Arab growth. General and specific dualistic features of Arab-Jewish trade and their growth promoting effects are also explored, suggesting that the political conflict between the two communities played only a minor role in shaping their economic interrelationship and performance.

The Political Economy of EU-funds: Evidence from Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 237 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Banaszewska ◽  
Ivo Bischoff
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
A Minor

Abstract We provide an empirical study analysing the distribution of EU funds among 2478 Polish municipalities in the period 2007–2011. EU funds are found to be concentrated in smaller municipalities and economically weak sub-regions, and do not increase in the municipalities’ fiscal capacity. Our primary focus rests on the question whether regional governments follow their own political self-interest when allocating EU funds even though national parties only play a minor role in Polish local politics and thus the conventional logic of supporting aligned governments does not apply. Difference-in-difference estimations show that the answer is affirmative: Municipalities whose voters are aligned with the regional government receive more EU funds per capita than non-aligned municipalities. Furthermore, we find support for the swing-district hypothesis: EU funds per capita decrease in the vote-share differential between the two leading parties.

Crop Seeding Level: Implications for Weed Management in Sweet Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M. Williams ◽  
Rick A. Boydston
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Variable Population ◽  
A Minor

Sweet corn is seeded under a wide range of population densities; however, the extent to which variable population density influences weed suppression is unknown. Therefore, field studies were undertaken to quantify the influence of sweet corn seeding level on growth, seed production, and post-harvest seed germination of wild-proso millet, one of the most problematic weeds in the crop. As crop seeding level increased, path analysis results indicated the crop canopy became taller and thicker, resulting in less wild-proso millet biomass, seed production, and germinability. However, at the level of individual fields, reductions in wild-proso millet growth and seed production were modest, at best, between a crop population currently used by growers and a higher crop population known to optimize yield of certain hybrids. These results indicate near-future increases in sweet corn seeding levels may play a minor role in improving weed management in individual sweet corn fields. Nonetheless, a reduction in crop populations, via weather- or management-driven phenomenon, increases risk of greater wild-proso millet seed production.

scholarly journals The UK Smoke Constituents Testing Study. Summary of Results and Comparison with Other Studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Gregg ◽  
C Hill ◽  
M Hollywood ◽  
M Kearney ◽  
D McLaughlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Variability ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Routine Measurement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Analytical Variation

AbstractAt the request of the UK Department of Health, samples of 25 commercial UK cigarette brands were provided to LGC Ltd a for smoke analysis. The brands reflected a high market share (58% in July 2001) and included a wide range of blend and product styles manufactured and imported into the UK.= 0.76), suggesting a minor role of other design features on constituents yield variability. This was confirmed by the application of multiple regression analysis to the data. A subset of five brands, retested at another laboratory, gave between-laboratory differences in mean constituent yields of as much as 2.5-fold. Consideration of these results, other likely sources of analytical variation in this study and a review of other studies, clearly indicates that any tolerance values to be associated with individual smoke constituent measurements will be greater than those for NFDPM, and in some cases, much greater. Consistent with the reported results from other large studies it is concluded that, under ISO smoking conditions, smoke constituent yields are largely predictable, if NFDPM and CO yields are known, for a standard cigarette. Given these observations and the likely limitations of analytical determination, the need for routine measurement of smoke constituent yields, other than NFDPM, nicotine or CO, on standard cigarettes, is questionable.

Growth and chemical composition of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis). 1. Dry matter yield and nitrogen content in response to superphosphate

1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (21) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
NH Shaw ◽  
CT Gates ◽  
JR Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Nutritional Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Minor

In a field experiment on a solodic soil, applications of superphosphate, in the presence of molybdenum, increased the dry matter yield of S. humilis H.B.K. from 2,450 to 5,800 lb an acre, and increased the relative nitrogen content from 2.36 to 3.28 per cent. When this result was examined under more closely controlled conditions in a pot experiment, using the constituent elements of molybdenized superphosphate, it was found that the combination of phosphorus and sulphur produced the greatest dry weight and nitrogen responses. Nevertheless, substantial increases in dry weight of plant tops were obtained with added phosphorus in the absence of sulphur, although the relative nitrogen content of this dry matter was low unless sulphur was also present. There was a small response to molybdenum in this experiment, but calcium played only a minor role. In the pot experiment three replicates were placed in a glasshouse, and one under a light bank in a growth room. Plants grew faster and gave higher dry matter and nitrogen yields under the light bank than in the glasshouse. Attention is drawn to the adaptability that S. humilis displays to a wide range of nutritional conditions, and it is suggested that both the yield and nitrogen content of this legume are probably being limited by nutrient deficiency in most areas of northern Australia where it is being grown.

scholarly journals The Power of Shop Culture

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Olssen ◽  
Jeremy Brecher
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
The Political ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hiring And Firing ◽  
A Minor

SummaryThis paper investigates the history of the labour process in New Zealand's state-owned railway workshops and questions the idea that large-scale industry inevitably destroyed whatever agency skilled workers had enjoyed. It also shows that relations of production vary with the political and cultural contexts. Craft control of the labour process survived in New Zealand's state-owned railway workshops and the union played only a minor role. Jop control was more important in achieving bureaucratic instead of autocratic control over such matters as hiring and firing; the retention of apprentice-based crafts; the institutionalization of seniority; and in resisting both de-skilling and the “premium bonus”. The strength and vitality of shop culture, based on craft control of the labour process, also survived and modified the Government's vigorous attempt to introduce “scientific management”. In brief the article concludes that productive processes do not inevitably determine social relations of production, that capitalism has been neither homogeneous nor uniform, and that mechanization never inevitably results in de-skilling.

Islam and Malay kingship

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Milner
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Political ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
A Minor

Islam is often seen as playing only a minor role in pre-colonial Malay political life. J. M. Gullick, for instance, in his seminal work Indigenous political systems of Western Malaya concludes that Islam “was not to any significant extent a ‘state religion’”. The “chaplains of the more devout Sultans and chiefs”, he explains, “never attained any collective importance in the political system owing to the lack of organization”; there were “no Kathis (Muslim judges and registrars) until the era of British protection”; and no evidence exists that “Islamic legal doctrine” was “effective law”?

scholarly journals LIMINAL CRAFT, EXCEPTIONAL LAW: PRELIMINARY NOTES ON MIDWIVES IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC WRITINGS

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 202a-202a ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Giladi
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ambivalent Attitude ◽  
The Moment ◽  
A Minor

In this article, the first fruit of an ongoing research on the sociocultural history of midwifery in medieval Muslim societies, I trace the attitudes toward midwives as revealed in Arabic biographical, medical, and legal texts. These texts, the product of male scholars, mirror an ambivalent attitude toward midwives: a mixture of repressed admiration, open repulsion, and fear. Thus, midwives are almost totally absent from Islamic scriptures, and Muslim writers make them play only a minor role in biographical and hagiographic literature, where the midwives of the Prophet's family are consciously or unconsciously “blocked” from becoming mythological figures. Women, sometimes hesitatingly identified as midwives, nevertheless played a role through their very presence at the moment of the Prophet's birth. In a storylike manner, they set an example for the implication of the legal rules concerning the midwife's exceptional status as a witness in court, rules that were formulated and consolidated in the formative period of Islamic law side by side with the traditions on the Prophet Muhammad's birth.

scholarly journals Mice Deficient in Perforin, CD4+ T Cells, or CD28-Mediated Signaling Maintain the Typical Immunodominance Hierarchies of CD8+ T-Cell Responses to Influenza Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (20) ◽  
pp. 10332-10337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weisan Chen ◽  
Jack R. Bennink ◽  
Phillip A. Morton ◽  
Jonathan W. Yewdell
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Reproducible Manner

ABSTRACT CD8 T-cell (TCD8+) responses elicited by viral infection demonstrate the phenomenon of immunodominance: the numbers of TCD8+ responding to different viral peptides vary over a wide range in a reproducible manner for individuals with the same major histocompatibility complex class I alleles. To better understand immunodominance, we examined TCD8+ responses to multiple defined viral peptides following infection of mice with influenza virus. The immunodominance hierarchy of influenza virus-specific TCD8+ was not greatly perturbed by the absence of either perforin or T-helper cells or by interference with B7 (CD80)-mediated signaling. These findings indicate that costimulation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or killing of APCs by TCD8+ plays only a minor role in establishing the immunodominance hierarchy of antiviral TCD8+ in this system. This points to intrinsic features of the TCD8+ repertoire as major contributors to immunodominance.

scholarly journals Cortex Thickness Is Key for the Colors of Iridescent Starling Feather Barbules With a Single, Organized Melanosome Layer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Freyer ◽  
Bodo D. Wilts ◽  
Doekele G. Stavenga
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
European Starling ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Peak Wavelength ◽  
Optical Modeling ◽  
Index Contrast ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
High Reflectance ◽  
Orderly Arrangement

The iridescent plumage of many birds is structurally colored due to an orderly arrangement of melanosomes in their feather barbules. Here, we investigated the blue- to purple-colored feathers of the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and the blue and green feathers of the Cape starling (Lamprotornis nitens). In both cases, the barbules contain essentially a single layer of melanosomes, but in S. vulgaris they are solid and rod-shaped, and in L. nitens they are hollow and rod- as well as platelet-shaped. We analyzed the coloration of the feathers by applying imaging scatterometry, bifurcated-probe- and micro-spectrophotometry. The reflectance spectra of the feathers of the European starling showed multiple peaks and a distinct, single peak for the Cape starling feathers. Assuming that the barbules of the two starling species contain a simple multilayer, consisting locally only of a cortex plus a single layer of melanosomes, we interpret the experimental data by applying effective-medium-multilayer modeling. The optical modeling provides quantitative insight into the function of the keratin cortex thickness, being the principal factor to determine the peak wavelength of the reflectance bands; the melanosome layer only plays a minor role. The air cavity in the hollow melanosomes of the Cape starling creates a strongly enhanced refractive index contrast, thus very effectively causing a high reflectance.

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