scholarly journals Urban System in Serbia—The Factor in the Planning of Balanced Regional Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Živanović ◽  
Tošić ◽  
Nikolić ◽  
Gatarić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World War ◽  
Population Concentration ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
National Settlement

This paper analyzes the basic characteristics of Serbia’s urban system after World War II. The term urban system is largely determined by the use and functioning of the space in which it exists. We used the methods common in urban geography, notably the Rank-Size Rule and the Law of the Primate City with the aim of identifying the basic regularities, as the first step in an in-depth study of an under-researched topic. The research seeks to contribute to explaining the causes of the previous and current situation in the national settlement network, as a prerequisite for planning the future organization of the settlement network. Our study, conducted in Serbia, finds polarization apparent in the prominent domination of the capital city in terms of population, and this is a key feature of Serbia’s urban system. The current situation is the result of an intensive process of urbanization, but also of the establishment of new administrative boundaries after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. The study also seeks to suggest the most appropriate development model for Serbia’s urban system that could help overcome the extreme population concentration in Belgrade and create a basis for organizing an optimal system of centers. Keeping in mind that uneven regional development is determined by the features of the urban system, polycentric development is a common model for overcoming extreme polarization on a global level.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 268-280
Author(s):  
Kory Olson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Capital City ◽  
World War ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
Housing Shortages ◽  
Paris Region ◽  
To Come ◽  
Work Done ◽  
The City

The tumultuous nineteenth century brought Parisian led regime change in 1830, 1848 and in many respects 1870. Although Napoleon III and Haussmann had hoped their Paris works would tame the capital city as they constructed uniform boulevards and transformed the crowded medieval centre into a bourgeois space. Throughout the twentieth century, the movement of people and goods throughout the Paris region remained a challenge and official maps showed how to address that issue. The German occupation during World War II effectively ended any hope of Prost’s 1934 plan to come to fruition. However, the damages afflicted on the city during combat allowed leaders to refocus their attention on the city. The pre-war work done by the Service géographique, Jaussely, and Prost allow future urban officials, such as Lopez and Bernard Lafay, to address problems such as increased traffic, parking, housing shortages, decentralization, and increased sprawl. The end of the war shifted national priorities away from the capital but by the 1950s, economic growth meant that urban planners needed to focus yet again on ameliorating development in greater Paris.

scholarly journals Welcoming the New Amateurs

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Golub
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
World War ◽  
The Cold War

How can we create a more inclusive Pacific anthropology? This article argues that contemporary anthropology’s disciplinary norms are based in the Cold War period. These norms are inappropriate given anthropology’s current situation. This article argues that interwar anthropology (the anthropology practiced between World War I and World War II) provides us a better set of imaginative resources to create a more common ethnography. Interwar anthropology was more welcoming of amateur scholars and less concerned with rigid norms of professionalism. Reframing a common ethnography in terms of ‘amateurs’ and ‘professionals’ may give us new ways of imagining a discipline that is increasingly moving outside the academy.

scholarly journals Losy Sakramentarza Tynieckiego podczas II wojny światowej

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 327-340
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Sijka
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
World War ◽  
National Library ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Illuminated Manuscript ◽  
Military Unit

The SacramentoriumTynecensis was written in circa 1060-1070, probably in Cologne. It was located in the Benedictine Abbey in Tyniec from 11th century to 19th century. In 1814 the illuminated manuscript was bought by Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, then in 1818 he located the codex in the Zamoyski Ordynacja Library in Warsaw. It stayed there to the end of World War II. Two formations of Nazi Germany were as follows:  a military unit led by Professor of Archaeology, Peter Paulsen and a group led by art historian Kajetan Mühlman. Both were responsible for the plundering of Poland's cultural heritage. They wanted to get the Sacramentorium Tynecensis because it was connected with German culture. The employees of the Zamoyski Ordynacja Library have tried to rescue the codex, sometimes at the risk of their own lives. In 1944 during the action of rescuing library collections from the ruins of the capital city of Poland (action called ‘Pruszkowska’), the manuscript codex was exported and hidden by Stanisław Lorentz in the Cathedral in Łowicz. Thankfully that the ST returned to Warsaw in 1947 and was deposited in the National Library of Poland.

Reconstructing infrastructure for resilient essential services during and following protracted conflict: A conceptual framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (912) ◽  
pp. 1001-1029
Author(s):  
Alexander H. Hay ◽  
Bryan Karney ◽  
Nick Martyn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Local Population ◽  
System Of Systems ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
World War ◽  
Protracted Conflict ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Essential Services ◽  
Conflicting Interests

AbstractThe rehabilitation of essential services infrastructure following hostilities, whether during a conflict or post-conflict, is a complex undertaking. This is made more complicated in protracted conflicts due to the continuing cycle of damage and expedient repair amid changing demands. The rehabilitation paradigm that was developed for the successful post-World War II rehabilitation of Germany and Japan has been less successful since. There are a myriad of conflicting interests that impede its application, yet the issue consistently comes down to a lack of systems-level understanding of the current situation on the ground and a lack of alignment between what is delivered and the actual local need. This article proposes a novel conceptual framework to address this, affording a greater “system of systems” understanding of the local essential services and how they can be restored to reflect the changed needs of the local population that has itself been changed by the conflict. The recommendations draw on heuristic practice and commercially available tools to provide a practicable approach to restoring infrastructure function in order to enable essential services that are resilient to temporary returns to violence and support the overall rehabilitation of the affected community.

The Efficiency/Community Duality in the Emergence of Planning: Cases in Rural Regional Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Michael Hibbard ◽  
Kathryn Frank
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rational Utilization ◽  
World War ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
The Great Depression

The various approaches to planning manifest the intellectual currents of a society. Dualities such as efficiency/community have been central to shaping contemporary planning. The quest for efficiency, the rational utilization of natural, built, and human capital, along with concern for community, the human needs and rootedness of local populations, has been an ongoing theme. We explore that duality in the context of rural regional development and how it shifted from complementary to either/or in the United States from the turn of the twentieth century through the Great Depression and the onset of World War II.

scholarly journals Migration restrictions and long-term regional development: evidence from large-scale expulsions of Germans after World War II

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wyrwich
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium ◽  
World War ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
Long Run

AbstractThis article investigates the long-run impact of a migration barrier on regional development. The analysis is based on the large-scale expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe after World War II (WWII). Expellees were not allowed to resettle in the French occupation zone in the first years after the War while there was no such legislation in the other occupation zones (USA; UK; Soviet Union). The temporary migration barrier had long-lasting consequences. In a nutshell, results of a Difference-in-Difference (DiD) analysis show that growth of population and population density were significantly lower even 60 years after the removal of the barrier if a region was part of the French occupation zone. There was a common trend in regional development before the migration barrier became effective. Further analyses suggest that this pattern is driven by different population dynamics in agglomerated areas. The article discusses implications for spatial theory namely whether location fundamentals, agglomeration theories or both affect the spatial equilibrium under certain conditions.

scholarly journals Całościowe badania społeczności językowych

LingVaria ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
pp. 227-241
Author(s):  
Michał Głuszkowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Contact Linguistics ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Polish Language

Comprehensive Research on Speech CommunitiesEinar Haugen’s theory of “ecology of language”, also known as ecolinguistics and linguistic ecology, is an interdisciplinary approach within linguistic studies. The description of language with its “environment”, i.e. speech community, its history, economic and political situation, legal status and other features, is an important part of many research reports in sociolinguistics and contact linguistics. Despite of the usefulness of non-structural factors in linguistic analysis, one has to admit that many scholars, not only representatives of social sciences but also linguists, tend to concentrate on the sociological or anthropological part of ecolinguistic studies and neglect the question of linguistic phenomena or significantly reduce their description. However, there are certain studies from the field of linguistic ecology which can be characterized as comprehensive approaches in the research on speech communities, where socio-cultural and linguistic questions are paid equal attention. One of the most detailed research reports in this field is Tadeusz Lewaszkiewicz’s monograph on the language of resettlers from Navahrudak and its surroundings after the World War II. This in-depth study of a speech community is a rare example of a multifaceted analysis of idiolectal and generational evolution of the Polish language of the Eastern Borderlands.

The Thematic and Symbolic Potluck at the Animal Farm

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Christina Charan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
George Orwell ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Settlements ◽  
Political Allegory ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Animal Farm ◽  
Literary Techniques

Animal farm by George Orwell published in 1945 seems to be a plainly written tale at a cursory glance but it with an in depth study we could fathom the scope of it. Animal farm is rich at diverse flavours all well mixed to give the perfect taste for sensibilities and intellect. Richness of literary techniques, multidimensional narratives, characters and symbolic delicacies is offered by animal farm. The literary richness is exhibited in a simple allegorical form which represents perfect craftsmanship. This paper will discuss the various vital aspects of the novel including its multidimensional themes, felicitous characters, diverse narratives and precise symbols along with the well established techniques of social settlements. George Orwell the writer had an intimate experience of the brutal dealings during World War II, as he corresponded for BBC. He was instigated by the communism at USSR and his desire to bring to light the factual conditions and real reasons which gave birth to the novella Animal Farm. The variety of themes strikes the correct chord of thought. The novella is written in a form of political allegory based on the political and social fervour; where the characters replicate the leaders, common populace, bureaucrats and enterprise-grade at USSR during and after the Russian revolution of 1917.

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