scholarly journals Contributing to Fisheries Sustainability: Inequality Analysis in the High Seas Catches of Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3133
Author(s):  
María-José Gutiérrez ◽  
Belén Inguanzo
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Fisheries Sustainability ◽  
The Common ◽  
Inequality Indexes ◽  
Great Portion ◽  
Biological Differences ◽  
High Seas

The uneven exploitation of scarce natural resources threatens their sustainability by altering the commitment of agents. In fisheries, a great portion of catches is known to be concentrated in a few countries. Aiming to provide a more complete view on the distributional issues associated to the exploitation of common marine resources, this article focuses on the analysis of catches from high seas, which can be understood as the common marine resources under the current legislation. The analysis focuses on the evolution of several inequality indexes (the Gini index as well as others from the Atkinson and General Entropy families) from 1960 to 2014. Additionally, the Theil index is decomposed to observe whether this inequality is given by biological (between inequality) or technological (within inequality) reasons. All inequality indexes confirm that the exploitation of fishing resources in high seas is very unequal across countries. However, this inequality has decreased between 29% and 65% from 1960 to 2014. When considering the origin of catches, between 46% and 82% of the inequality observed is due to technological and fishermen capacity differences across the countries operating within fishing areas, while between 18% and 54% of the inequality can be attributed to biological differences between the fishing areas. Over time, the within component has decreased more than 35%, reflecting the greater reliance of more countries on high seas fisheries and their catching up on fishing technology. Being aware on the existence and the nature of catches inequality observed is necessary to develop successful policies for maintaining the sustainability of the fishery resources.

A. B. A. National Institute on Marine Resources

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
Robert B. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
National Interest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Long Beach ◽  
United States Policy ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
High Seas

The first meeting of the A.B.A. National Institute on Marine Resources, sponsored by the Section of Natural Resources Law, was held in Long Beach, California, June 7-10, 1967. The program included the presentation of papers, panel discussions, and questions from the audience dealing with the following topics : United States policy regarding marine resources ; the administration of marine resources underlying the high seas; zones of national interest—a discussion of the need for revision of the Geneva Conventions; the administration of laws for the exploitation of offshore minerals in the United States; and the technological aspects of exploiting marine resources.

Managing Deep-sea Fisheries: Some Threshold Questions

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Balton ◽  
Dorothy Zbicz
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Marine Areas ◽  
High Seas

AbstractIncreasing fishing effort and advances in fishing technology and methods are putting new pressure on deep-sea fisheries. Multilateral efforts to manage the living marine resources over the past fifty years have met with mixed results. This paper examines multilateral approaches and measures adopted in the past decade to manage these resources. It then addresses two threshold questions to be asked in considering multilateral management of deep-sea fisheries: 1) whether new approaches should take the form of binding or non-binding measures, and 2) whether such measures should apply in all marine areas or only on the high seas. It concludes with recommended elements that should be included to maximize the chances of success for managing deep-sea fisheries.

Interdicting Vessels to Enforce the Common Interest: Maritime Countermeasures and the use of Force

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Guilfoyle
Keyword(s):  
Use Of Force ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
The Public ◽  
Illegal Fishing ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law ◽  
High Seas

AbstractCan the law of countermeasures be used to police the high seas? The freedom of the high seas is guaranteed by the immunity of a State's flag vessels from interference by the public vessels of other States, subject to limited exceptions. However, this rule of non-interference may shield those engaged in unregulated or illegal fishing or transporting weapons of mass destruction and their precursors. This article argues that while such conduct may breach obligations protecting the common interest, unilaterally boarding and arresting a vessel involved would constitute an illegal use of force and cannot be justified as a countermeasure.

scholarly journals Inequality indices to monitor geographic differences in incidence, mortality and fatality rates over time during the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251366
Author(s):  
Kirsi M. Manz ◽  
Ulrich Mansmann
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Inequality In Health ◽  
International Data ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
The Eu

Background It is of interest to explore the variability in how the COVID-19 pandemic evolved geographically during the first twelve months. To this end, we apply inequality indices over regions to incidences, infection related mortality, and infection fatality rates. If avoiding of inequality in health is an important political goal, a metric must be implemented to track geographical inequality over time. Methods The relative and absolute Gini index as well as the Theil index are used to quantify inequality. Data are taken from international data bases. Absolute counts are transformed to rates adjusted for population size. Results Comparing continents, the absolute Gini index shows an unfavorable development in four continents since February 2020. In contrast, the relative Gini as well as the Theil index support the interpretation of less inequality between European countries compared to other continents. Infection fatality rates within the EU as well as within the U.S. express comparable improvement towards more equality (as measured by both Gini indices). Conclusions The use of inequality indices to monitor changes in geographic inequality over time for key health indicators is a valuable tool to inform public health policies. The absolute and relative Gini index behave complementary and should be reported simultaneously in order to gain a meta-perspective on very complex dynamics.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF THE COMMON FISHERIES POLICY ON THE THEORY OF THE AVAILABILITY OF MARINE RESOURCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1 (32)) ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Magdalena Gielo-Politewicz
Keyword(s):  
Jel Classification ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Fish Stocks ◽  
Fish Schools ◽  
Fishing Sector ◽  
Fisheries Policy ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Baltic

The aim of the paper is to present issues connected with responsibility in the fishery industry. The paper discusses the ‘tragedy of common.’ An attempt was made to formulate proposals for how to increase the efficiency of marine resource management and reduce the problem of declining fisheries. The publication analyses the current Common Fisheries Policy in the context of overfishing. It will take a great deal of serious effort for fishermen, scientists and politicians to solve the problem of the Baltic Sea. The rebirth of fish stocks will create healthier ecosystems and greater reproduction of fish populations. A higher number of fish schools may result in more balanced catch figures. It is expected that profits will increase and thereby result in more jobs and higher salaries, leading to a greater overall profitability of the fishing sector. JEL classification: Q 22

The Regime of the Area: Delineating the Scope of Application of the Common Heritage Principle and Freedom of the High Seas

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Oude Elferink
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Common Heritage ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
The Common ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
High Seas

AbstractPart XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes a regime for the Area. The regime of the high seas set out in Part VII of the Convention is also applicable to the Area. Neither Part VII nor Part XI of the Convention exhaustively de fines which ocean uses fall within their scope of application. This article analyzes the relevant provisions of the Convention and comments on recent developments that shed further light on the regime of Part XI in relation to the regime of Part VII. It concludes that Part XI's common heritage principle is relevant for all uses of the Area that concern the exploration and exploitation of the Area, including its living resources. Recent developments reveal continued differences of views on the scope of application and implications of the regime set out in Part XI. The provisions of the Convention on marine scientific research and environmental protection would seem to offer sufficient flexibility to frame more detailed rules that do not require the prior resolution of those differences.

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