scholarly journals Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies of Agriculture in Mediterranean-Climate Regions (MCRs)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro del Pozo ◽  
Nidia Brunel-Saldias ◽  
Alejandra Engler ◽  
Samuel Ortega-Farias ◽  
Cesar Acevedo-Opazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agricultural Field ◽  
Terminal Drought

The world’s five Mediterranean-climate regions (MCRs) share unique climatic regimes of mild, wet winters and warm and dry summers. Agriculture in these regions is threatened by increases in the occurrence of drought and high temperature events associated with climate change (CC). In this review we analyze what would be the effects of CC on crops (including orchards and vineyards), how crops and cropping and farming systems could adapt to CC, and what are the social and economic impacts, as well as the strategies used by producers to adapt to CC. In rainfed areas, water deficit occurs mostly during the flowering and grain filling stages (terminal drought stress), which has large detrimental effects on the productivity of crops. Orchards and vineyards, which are mostly cultivated in irrigated areas, will also be vulnerable to water deficit due to a reduction in water available for irrigation and an increase in evapotranspiration. Adaptation of agriculture to CC in MCRs requires integrated strategies that encompass different levels of organization: the crop (including orchards and vineyards), the cropping system (sequence of crops and management techniques used on a particular agricultural field) and the farming system, which includes the farmer.

scholarly journals Perception and adaptation of agroforestry farmers in Upper Citarum Watershed to climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 917 (1) ◽  
pp. 012020
Author(s):  
Sumaryanto ◽  
F Nurfatriani ◽  
S Astana ◽  
Erwidodo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Social Forestry ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cross Tabulation ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract Agroforestry is a form of an agricultural system that is adaptive to climate change. Based on the institutional form, the farming system developed under the social forestry program is agroforestry. This form of agroforestry is the essential capital for farmers to establish in their cultivated lands further. This study aim to determine agroforestry farmers’ perceptions in the Upper Citarum Watershed on climate change and the adaptation activities. The sample farmers are a sub-set of farmer households sample in the socio-economic survey conducted by ICASEPS – ACIAR in the collaborative research in 2019. The reliability of the data on variables that reflect farmers’ perceptions of adverse shocks experienced, which directly or indirectly related to climate changes, is tested with Cronbach’s Alpha. Data analysis is performed by cross-tabulation, while multiple regressions are used to determine the effect of social forestry cultivated areas on farmers’ income. The results show that more than 55 percent of farmers participating in social forestry say that since the last ten years climate patterns are increasingly unpredictable. The most negative impacts of climate change impacts are indirect effects which are pests and diseases. Popular adaptation are reactive ones, namely increasing the use of pesticides and more intensive use of inorganic fertilizers. Farmers adaptation which are more synergistic with mitigation such as organic farming or cultivation of perennial crops are still relatively low. The increase in the arable land area due to social forestry has significantly increased farmer’s household income. Referring to this phenomenon, conducive policies to increase farmer participation in these adaptation actions are needed.

scholarly journals Modeling Long-Term Temporal Variation of Dew Formation in Jordan and Its Link to Climate Change

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahid Atashi ◽  
Dariush Rahimi ◽  
Mustafa Al Kuisi ◽  
Anwar Jiries ◽  
Henri Vuollekoski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dew Formation

In this study, we performed model simulations to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and annual dew yield during 40 years (1979–2018) at ten locations reflecting the variation of climate and environmental conditions in Jordan. In accordance with the climate zones in Jordan, the dew formation had distinguished characteristics features with respect to the yield, seasonal variation, and spatial variation. The highest water dew yield (an overall annual mean cumulative dew yield as high as 88 mm) was obtained for the Mountains Heights Plateau, which has a Mediterranean climate. The least dew yield (as low as 19 mm) was obtained in Badia, which has an arid climate. The dew yield had a decreasing trend in the past 40 years due to climate change impacts such as increased desertification and the potential of sand and dust storms in the region. In addition, increased anthropogenic air pollution slows down the conversion of vapor to liquid phase change, which also impacts the potential of dew formation. The dew yield showed three distinguished seasonal patterns reflecting the three climates in Jordan. The Mountains Heights Plateau (Mediterranean climate) has the highest potential for dew harvesting (especially during the summer) than Badia (semi-arid climate).

Climate change and shifting land-use: consequences for smallholder agroforestry systems and rural livelihoods in the southwest Ethiopian Highlands.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olef Koch ◽  
Pierre L. Ibisch ◽  
Ralf Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Cereal Fields

Abstract Applying a Regional Integrated Vulnerability Assessment (RIVAS), this study aims to identify local farming system characteristics, their climate change vulnerability and how they are affected by current land use changes. Results show that the assessed farming systems' multifunctionality is essential to rural livelihoods whilst sustaining crop and tree diversity. While dry season crop diversity drives household's sufficiency and capacity to respond to crop failure, medium-low productivity in more than a third of the assessed systems, and soil degradation in cereal fields lessen adaptive capacity. For their contribution to climate resilience diverse and perennial cropping regimes should be promoted and maintained.

scholarly journals Climate change through the farming systems lens: challenges and opportunities for farming in Australia

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hayman ◽  
Lauren Rickards ◽  
Richard Eckard ◽  
Deirdre Lemerle
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Rural Sociology ◽  
System Level ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Adaptation to and mitigation of climate change in Australian agriculture has included research at the plant, animal, and soil level; the farming system level; and the community and landscape level. This paper focuses on the farming systems level at which many of the impacts of a changing climate will be felt. This is also the level where much of the activity relating to adaptation and mitigation can usefully be analysed and at which existing adaptive capacity provides a critical platform for further efforts. In this paper, we use a framework of nested hierarchies introduced by J. Passioura four decades ago to highlight the need for research, development and extension (RDE) on climate change at the farming systems level to build on more fundamental soil, plant, and animal sciences and to link into higher themes of rural sociology and landscape science. The many questions asked by those managing farming systems can be categorised under four broad headings: (1) climate projections at a local scale, (2) impacts of climate projections on existing farming systems, (3) adaptation options, and (4) risks and opportunities from policies to reduce emissions. These questions are used as a framework to identify emerging issues for RDE in Australian farming systems, including the complex balance in on-farm strategies between adapting to climate change and reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. Climate is recognised as one of the defining features of different farming systems in Australia. It follows that if the climate changes, farming systems will have to shift, adapt, or be transformed into a different land use. Given that Australian farming systems have been adaptive in the past, we address the question of the extent to which research on adaptation to climate change in farming systems is different or additional to research on farming systems in a variable climate.

scholarly journals Climate change in the context of whole-farming systems: opportunities for improved outreach

2021 ◽  
Vol 166 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Clements ◽  
S. K. Birthisel ◽  
A. Daigneault ◽  
E. Gallandt ◽  
D. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New England ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Northern New England ◽  
Mental Modeling

AbstractClimate change poses a challenge to farming systems worldwide. However, existing research suggests that farmers and those providing outreach may have different climate change perspectives, and there is little understanding of how farmers prioritize climate change compared with other aspects of their farming system. To compare how farmers and outreach professionals in northern New England consider climate change within the context of whole-farming systems, we conducted mental modeling interviews with 33 farmers and 16 outreach professionals. Despite being primed to consider climate during the interviews, only 24% of farmers and 25% of outreach professionals included climate in their mental models. Key differences arose in both group’s perceptions of weather: outreach professionals focused on connections between good weather and biophysical factors, while farmers drew additional connections to factors like quality of life and overall farm success. Social factors including community well-being, public education, and farm success were significantly more likely to be included (P < 0.05), and in some cases were more influential, in farmer models compared to outreach professional models. We conclude that farmer participants did not perceive climate to be a central factor of their farming systems, and valued human and social dimensions more highly than outreach professionals perceived. These factors may warrant special consideration in efforts to make outreach meaningful to local contexts, along with framing climate change within its broader relationship to other farming system aspects. Interdisciplinary teams may be helpful in developing outreach approaches that fully contextualize climate change within farmers’ complex whole-farm management perspectives.

scholarly journals Действие систем земледелия на видовой состав сорных растений и урожайность ячменя

2019 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
E.V. Noskova ◽  
S.V. Shchukin ◽  
T.P. Sabirova
Keyword(s):  
Cropping System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Cirsium Arvense ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Full Dose ◽  
Sonchus Arvensis ◽  
Fumaria Officinalis

Исследования проводились на дерновоподзолистой среднесуглинистой почве нормального увлажнения. В опыте изучалось влияние органических и минеральных удобрений в разной дозе на видовой состав сорных растений в посевах и урожайность зерна ячменя. Система органического земледелия в посевах ячменя способствовала уменьшению доли участия многолетних видов на 9,8 в сравнении с контролем. В посевах наблюдалось 2 вида многолетних сорняков осот полевой (1,5) и бодяк полевой (1,1). С использованием органической системы земледелия увеличивается доля участия осота полевого на 1,1, снижается доля участия бодяка полевого на 9,4. Применение органоминеральных удобрений с полной дозой и их с пестицидами также привело к снижению доли участия многолетников на 5,2 в сравнении с контролем. На данных фонах наблюдалось снижение доли участия бодяка полевого (на 5,8 8,3) и чистеца болотного (на 1,1), повышение доли участия осота полевого (на 2,1 2,9). Применение органоминеральных удобрений с пониженной дозой, наоборот, содействовало увеличению доли участия многолетних видов сорных растений на 1,3. Наибольшее число видов малолетних сорных растений (11 видов) отмечается при внесении органоминеральных удобрений с полной дозой. По всем системам земледелия преобладала марь белая. Хорошо отзывались на органическую систему земледелия такие виды, как горцы, дымянка аптечная, мятлик однолетний, незабудка полевая и подмаренник цепкий на органоминеральную горцы, дымянка аптечная, пастушья сумка обыкновенная, торица полевая, ярутка полевая и яснотка пурпуровая. Урожайность зерна ячменя повышалась при внесении органоминеральных удобрений в полной дозе на 20,7 ц/га (на 184,8) в сравнении с контролем.The researches were carried out on sodpodzolic medium loamy soil of normal moisture. The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers in different doses on the species composition of weedage in crops and the yield of barley grain was studied in the experiment. The organic cropping system in barley sowings contributed to a 9.8 decrease in the participation of perennial species in comparison with the control. Two species of perennial weeds were observed in the sowings sonchus arvensis (L., 1.5) and cirsium arvense (L., 1.1). With the use of the organic cropping system the share of participation of sonchus arvensis increases by 1.1 and the share of participation of cirsium arvense decreases by 9.4. The use of organomineral fertilizers with a full dose and their pesticides also led to a decrease in the share of perennials by 5.2 in comparison with the control. On these backgrounds there was a decrease in the participation share of cirsium arvense (by 5.8 8.3) and stachys palustris (L.) (by 1.1) and an increase in the share of participation of sonchus arvensis (by 2.1 2.9). The use of organomineral fertilizers with a reduced dose on the contrary contributed to an increase in the share of perennial weedage species by 1.3. The largest number of species of young weedage (11 species) is noted when applying organic fertilizers with a full dose. Chenopodium album (L.) prevailed across all farming systems. Such species as poligonums, fumaria officinalis (L.), poa annua (L.), myosotis arvensis (L.) and galium aparine (L.) responded well to the organic farming system on the organomineral one are poligonums, fumaria officinalis (L.), capsella bursapastoris (L.), spergula arvensis (L.), thlaspi arvense (L.) and lamium purpureum (L.). Barley grain yield increased with the introduction of organic fertilizers in full dose by 20.7 kg/ha (184.8) in comparison with the control.

scholarly journals Quantifying Agroforestry Yield Buffering Potential Under Climate Change in the Smallholder Maize Farming Systems of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Chemura ◽  
Amsalu Woldie Yalew ◽  
Christoph Gornott
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
Maize Yields

Agroforestry is a promising adaptation measure for climate change, especially for low external inputs smallholder maize farming systems. However, due to its long-term nature and heterogeneity across farms and landscapes, it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate its contribution in building the resilience of farming systems to climate change over large areas. In this study, we developed an approach to simulate and emulate the shading, micro-climate regulation and biomass effects of multi-purpose trees agroforestry system on maize yields using APSIM, taking Ethiopia as a case study. Applying the model to simulate climate change impacts showed that at national level, maize yield will increase by 7.5 and 3.1 % by 2050 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively. This projected increase in national-level maize yield is driven by maize yield increases in six administrative zones whereas yield losses are expected in other five zones (mean of −6.8% for RCP2.6 and −11.7% for RCP8.5), with yields in the other four zones remaining stable overtime. Applying the emulated agroforestry leads to increase in maize yield under current and future climatic conditions compared to maize monocultures, particularly in regions for which yield losses under climate change are expected. A 10% agroforestry shade will reduce maize yield losses by 6.9% (RCP2.6) and 4.2 % (RCP8.5) while 20% shade will reduce maize yield losses by 11.5% (RCP2.6) and 11% (RCP8.5) for projected loss zones. Overall, our results show quantitatively that agroforestry buffers yield losses for areas projected to have yield losses under climate change in Ethiopia, and therefore should be part of building climate-resilient agricultural systems.

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