scholarly journals Defying the Footprint Oracle: Implications of Country Resource Trends

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathis Wackernagel ◽  
David Lin ◽  
Mikel Evans ◽  
Laurel Hanscom ◽  
Peter Raven
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Financial Assessment ◽  
Resource Dynamics

Mainstream competitiveness and international development analyses pay little attention to the significance of a country’s resource security for its economic performance. This paper challenges this neglect, examining the economic implications of countries resource dynamics, particularly for low-income countries. It explores typologies of resource patterns in the context of those countries’ economic prospects. To begin, the paper explains why it uses Ecological Footprint and biocapacity accounting for its analysis. Data used for the analysis stem from Global Footprint Network’s 2018 edition of its National Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts. Ranging from 1961 to 2014, these accounts are computed from UN data sets. The accounts track, year by year, how much biologically productive space is occupied by people’s consumption and compare this with how much productive space is available. Both demand and availability are expressed in productivity-adjusted hectares, called global hectares. Using this biophysical accounting perspective, the paper predicts countries’ future socio-economic performance. This analysis is then contrasted with a financial assessment of those countries. The juxtaposition reveals a paradox: Financial assessments seem to contradict assessments based on biophysical trends. The paper offers a way to reconcile this paradox, which also elevates the significance of biophysical country assessments for shaping successful economic policies.

scholarly journals Innovation system formation in international development cooperation: The role of intermediaries in urban sanitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara J van Welie ◽  
Wouter P C Boon ◽  
Bernhard Truffer
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Intermediary Role ◽  
International Development Cooperation

Abstract The transformation of urban basic service sectors towards more sustainability is one of the ‘grand challenges’ for public policy, globally. A particular urgent problem is the provision of sanitation in cities in low-income countries. The globally dominant centralised sewerage approach has proven incapable to reach many of the urban poor. Recently, an increasing number of actors in international development cooperation has started to develop alternative safely managed non-grid approaches. We approach their efforts as an emerging ‘global innovation system’ and investigate how its development can be supported by systemic intermediaries. We analyse the activities of the ‘Sustainable Sanitation Alliance’, an international network that coordinates activities in the sanitation sector and thereby supports this innovation system. The findings show how demand ing it is to fulfil an intermediary role in a global innovation system, because of the need to consider system processes at different scales, in each phase of system building.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-395
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

The annual military bill is now approaching 450 billion US dollars, while official development aid accounts for less than 5 per cent of this figure. Four examples: 1. The military expenditure of only half a day would suffice to finance the whole malaria eradication programme of the World Health Organization, and less would be needed to conquer river-blindness, which is still the scourge of millions. 2. A modern tank costs about one million dollars; that amount could improve storage facilities for 100,000 tons of rice and thus save 4000 tons or more annually; one person can live on just over a pound of rice a day. The same sum of money could provide 1000 classrooms for 30,000 children. 3. For the price of one jet fighter (20 million dollars) one could set up about 40,000 village pharmacies. 4. One-half of one per cent of one year's world military expenditure would pay for all the farm equipment needed to increase food production and approach self-sufficiency in food-deficit low-income countries by 1990.

Bilateral Aid Allocation for International Development: Impact of the Financial Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 100-121
Author(s):  
Elena Balter ◽  
Aleksandra Morozkina
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Assistance ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Bilateral Aid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Allocation Decisions

This article examines the impact of financial crisis of 2008-2009 on allocation of development aid. Using OECD data on Official Development Assistance (ODA) allocation for international development by key donor countries, authors test three hypotheses: first, general impact of crisis on ODA allocation; second, impact of crisis on three recipient income groups; third, impact of crisis on relative importance of analyzed factors for ODA allocation decisions. The results show that general impact of crisis on ODA volumes was negative, although donors preferred to increase aid to low-income countries. Impact of factors describing economic situation in donor countries (public debt level, government expenditures and donor growth) increased after crisis. Donor countries might make use of these results to increase efficiency of their development assistance strategies, whereas recipient countries may exploit these results in order to attract more external financing for development.

scholarly journals Adapting Collaborative Approaches for Service Provision to Low-Income Countries: Expert Panel Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Pugel ◽  
Amy Javernick-Will ◽  
Matthew Koschmann ◽  
Shawn Peabody ◽  
Karl Linden
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Government Capacity ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Practice

The international development sector is increasingly implementing collaborative approaches that facilitate a range of sectoral-level stakeholders to jointly address complex problems facing sustainable public service delivery, for which guidance does not explicitly exist. The literature on collaborative approaches has been built on experiences in high-income countries with vastly different governance capabilities, limiting their global relevance. A Delphi expert panel addressed this need by evaluating 58 factors hypothesized in the literature to contribute to the success of collaborative approaches. The panel rated factors according to their importance in low-income country contexts, on a scale from Not Important to Essential. Experts agreed on the importance of 49 factors, eight of which were essential for success. Rich qualitative data from open-ended responses revealed factors that may be unique to low-income country contexts and to service delivery applications, including how government capacity, politics, donor influence, and culture can influence decisions on structuring leadership and facilitation roles, appropriately engaging the government, and building legitimacy. Key considerations for future practice and research are summarized in a table in the appendix. This study contributes to both literature and practice by identifying the relative importance of factors to consider when designing collaborative approaches in low-income countries with limited governance capabilities.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF RENT-SEEKING ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN LOW-INCOME ECONOMIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Zi Wen Vivien Wong ◽  
Fanyu Chen ◽  
Thian Hee Yiew
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Method Of Moments Estimator

Sluggish growth in low-income countries, despite the high performance in other economic indicators, motivates the literature to switch attention to institutions. Despite its crucial economic implications, there is limited attention on rent-seeking as a driver of economic growth in low-income countries. This paper investigates the effect of rent-seeking on growth in low-income countries from 2004 to 2017using the system generalized method of moments estimator. The empirical results reveal that rent-seeking negatively affects growth, implying that it obstructs the pace of economic development in low-income countries. Hence, it is necessary for policymakers in these countries to adopt anti-rent-seeking policies to promote a rapid and sustainable growth.

scholarly journals Whose Knowledge? Whose Influence? Changing Dynamics of China’s Development Cooperation Policy and Practice

IDS Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Gu ◽  
Xiaoyun Li ◽  
Chuanhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Potential Partner ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Intense Debate

This article aims to investigate the recent evolution of China’s development policy and practice. More precisely, how do China’s policymakers and practitioners understand and debate China’s role in international development, specifically in the context of the global Covid-19 pandemic? China’s growing development activities overseas, particularly in the African continent, have spurred intense debate over its role as a rising power in international development. China is viewed in the West both as a threat and as a valuable potential partner in development cooperation. However, differences between Western and Chinese conceptions of development have complicated cooperation and understanding of China’s development policy. Further understanding of these differences is needed, in order to evaluate their implications for low-income countries, and for potential trilateral cooperation.

Genesis of Development Macroeconomics and National Accounts in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 127-138
Author(s):  
Giovanni Andrea Cornia
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
The Impact

The chapter discusses the reasons whycKeynesian policies and development macroeconomics in low-income countries received any attention relatively late, as well as the factors that led to a gradual acceptance of demand-side measures. It also discusses the data, conceptual, and accounting problems encountered when measuring economic performance in low-income countries, including the importance of self-consumption, barter, unilateral transactions, and unrecorded monetary transactions in the informal economy. All this reduces the impact of monetary and fiscal policies and underline the importance of structural policies. The chapter also discusses the accounting conventions and practices used to overcome such problems, and the impact all this has on the estimates of the main macroeconomic aggregates and the evaluation of the impact of public policies.

scholarly journals Symposium on Consumption Smoothing in Developing Countries

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Case
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
Information Economics ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Consumption Smoothing ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Face

This symposium explores how households in low-income countries, even without access to formal credit and insurance markets, find ways to smooth consumption in the face of large shocks to their income. This general area of risk sharing and consumption smoothing has received a great deal of attention from development economists in the last five years. The papers highlight the extent to which theoretical work in mechanism design, contract theory, and information economics has informed recent work in development economics. These papers also underscore the ways large, detailed household level data sets have recently been applied in developing country research.

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