scholarly journals Biodiesel and Crude Glycerol from Waste Frying Oil: Production, Characterization and Evaluation of Biodiesel Oxidative Stability with Diesel Blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1937 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariem Harabi ◽  
Soumaya Neji ◽  
Fatma Marrakchi ◽  
Loukia Chrysikou ◽  
Stella Bezergianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Crude Glycerol ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
European Norm

Waste oils are becoming increasingly more important as feedstock for the production of fuels and glycerol as byproduc. Optimization of homogeneous transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO) to biodiesel over hydroxide potassium (KOH) catalyst have been investigated. In this respect, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the relationships between methanol and WFO molar ratio (3:1–12:1), KOH concentration (0.5%–2%) and temperature (25–65 °C) on the conversion yield. Transesterification of WFO produced 96.33% maximum methyl ester yield at the optimum methanol/WFO molar ratio 7.3:1, KOH loading 0.5 wt. % and the reaction temperature was 58.30 °C. The physicochemical properties of optimized biodiesel met the requirements of the European Norm 14214, such as kinematic viscosity at 40 °C 4.57 mm/s2, the sulfur content 0.005 wt. %, and the density at 15 °C 889.3 kg/m3. This study also examined the accelerated oxidation of biodiesel and biodiesel/diesel blends under combined temperature and air effect at different periods of time while measuring their acidity. Results have shown that total acid number increased proportionally to the biodiesel content of the biodiesel/diesel blends from 0.5 mgKOH/g for B7 (7% (v/v) biodiesel and 93% (v/v) diesel) up to 2.8 mg KOH/g for B100 (100% biodiesel). The synthesized trans-esterified oil can be a potential alternative to petrodiesel, hence its application at an industrial scale. This work also reports some properties of crude glycerol (CG) derived from biodiesel from WFO. The glycerol yield (%), pH, water content (wt. %), density at 15 °C (g/cm3), and kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) was analyzed according to standard test methods.

Enhancing Rheological Properties and Reduction of Total Acid Number of a Heavy Crude Oil Using Ethanol and Trona

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Almadhaji ◽  
Mohammed Saeed ◽  
Hitham Ibrahim ◽  
Anas Ahmed ◽  
Ragaei Maher
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Heavy Crude Oil ◽  
Production Operation ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Heavy Crude

Abstract One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

scholarly journals Sintesis Karbon Aktif Tempurung Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) Sebagai Adsorben Minyak Jelantah

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megiyo Megiyo ◽  
Herman Aldila ◽  
Fitri Afriani ◽  
Robby Gus Mahardika ◽  
Sito Enggiwanto
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Waste Frying Oil

<p class="AbstractEnglish"><strong>Abstract:</strong> Activated carbon is the most common adsorbents used in regeneration of cooking oil process. Waste frying oil is a residual of frying that has been destructed due to repeated use. For reusable, it must through by oil regeneration process to eliminate impurities and free radicals. One of the abundant biomass and feasible to be activated carbon is ketapang shell. The synthesis of activated carbon used activator H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 11% with ratio 1: 4 (w / v) followed by thermal activation at 650<sup>o</sup>C for 2 hours. Activated carbon is then mixed with waste frying oil with variations of 5%, 7.5% and 10% and is left for 24 hours. As an antioxidant to free radicals added extract iding-iding (Stenochlaena palustris) of 5%. Based on the observation data SEM pore distribution on activated charcoal fairly evenly with the average pore width around 10 mm. The results of acid number and free fatty acid test showed that the greater amount of activated carbon used, the value of acid number and free fatty acid content will decrease. The optimum condition was obtained on 10% active carbon and 5% extract with 0.8% acid value and 0.78% free fatty acid content.</p><p class="KeywordsEngish"> </p><p class="AbstrakIndonesia"><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Karbon aktif merupakan salah satu adsorben yang umum digunakan dalam upaya peningkatan regenerasi minyak jelantah. Minyak jelantah merupakan limbah hasil sisa penggorengan yang telah terdestruksi akibat pemakaian yang berulang-ulang. Untuk dapat digunakan kembali minyak jelantah harus mengalami proses regenerasi minyak untuk menghilangkan impuritas dan radikal bebas. Salah satu biomassa yang begitu melimpah dan layak untuk dijadikan karbon aktif adalah tempurung ketapang. Sintesis karbon aktif tempurung ketapang dilakukan dengan menggunakan aktivator H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 11% dengan perbandingan 1:4 (b/v) dilanjutkan dengan aktivasi termal pada temperatur 650<sup>o</sup>C selama 2 jam. Karbon aktif yang diperoleh kemudian dicampurkan dengan minyak jelantah dengan variasi 5%, 7,5% dan 10% dan dibiarkan selama 24 jam. Sebagai penangkal radikal bebas ditambahkan ekstrak iding-iding <em>(</em><em>Stenochlaena palustris)</em><em> </em>sebesar 5%. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan data SEM sebaran pori pada arang aktif tempurung ketapang cukup merata dengan lebar pori rata-rata berkisar 10 mm. Hasil uji bilangan asam dan kadar asam lemak bebas menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar jumlah karbon aktif yang digunakan maka nilai bilangan asam dan kadar asam lemak bebas akan semakin menurun. Kondisi optimum diperoleh pada komposisi 10% karbon aktif dan 5% ekstrak iding-iding dengan nilai bilangan asam 0,8% dan kadar asam lemak bebas 0,78%.</p>

scholarly journals Definition of oil change intervals based on the analysis of selected physicochemical properties of used engine oils

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech GOŁĘBIOWSKI ◽  
Artur WOLAK ◽  
Grzegorz ZAJĄC
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Base Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Engine Oils ◽  
Synthetic Oil ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Total Base ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Definition Of

The paper presents the results of a thorough analysis of selected physicochemical parameters of engine oils at the end of their useful life, based on the oil change intervals assumed by vehicle users. Twelve samples of used Castrol Edge 5W/30 synthetic oil and five samples of used Castrol Magnatec 10W/40 semi-synthetic oil were tested. The Eralyticss ERASPEC OIL device was used for the assessment of the following parameters: degree of oxidation, degree of nitration, degree of sulfonation, water content, glycol content, total base number (TBN), total acid number (TAN) and kinematic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C. The research was conducted on the basis of the ASTM E2412-10 standard. The results regarding the parameter limit exceedances have also been presented in the paper. For both synthetic and semi-synthetic oils, the exceedance of kinematic viscosity measured at 40°C was particularly striking. In fourteen samples (out of seventeen tested), at least one exceedance of the limit value (out of nine analyzed) has been observed.

Titania-termite hill composite as a heterogeneous catalyst: preparation, characterization, and performance in transesterification of waste frying oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyinka S. Yusuff ◽  
Temitayo M. Azeez ◽  
Esther O. Babatunde
Keyword(s):  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Potential ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Reaction Cycles

AbstractTo reveal the catalytic potential of abandoned naturally occurring material, we synthesized titania-termite hill composite (Ti-THC) via an incipient wetness impregnation route, characterized by various techniques and tested as a catalyst for transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO). The reusability of the prepared catalyst was also studied to evaluate its stability. The effects of reaction process parameters, such as temperature, time, catalyst loading and methanol/WFO molar ratio on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield, were investigated using a central composite design approach. SEM result revealed pores formation on the catalyst surface, while XRD and EDX analyses confirmed successful insertion of titania into the aluminosilicate layer of the termite hill. The maximum FAME yield of 90.78% was obtained at optimum experimental conditions of 71.16 °C reaction temperature, 2.12 h reaction time, 1.03 wt.% catalyst loading and 9.96:1 methanol/WFO molar ratio. The catalyst still maintained its better stability after being reused for three reaction cycles.

scholarly journals P PERBANDINGAN KUALITAS PELUMAS MOTOR 4T DI PALEMBANG DENGAN PARAMETER UJI SPECIFIC GRAVITY, KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, FLASH POINT, POUR POINT, TOTAL ACID NUMBER (TAN) DAN VACUUM DISTILLATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Dian Kurnia Sari ◽  
Nopitasari Nopitasari
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Total Acid Number ◽  
Point Total

Pelumas baik yang berasal dari minyak bumi (mineral oil) atau pelumas sintetik umumnya berupa cairan, yang berfungsi untuk mengurangi gesekan diantara dua benda yang bergerak. Pelumas merupakan bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari mesin. Pelumas dibutuhkan mesin untuk melindungi komponen-komponen mesin dari keausan. Proses pembuatan minyak pelumas adalah distilasi atmosfir, distilasi hampa, deasphalting, solvent extraction, dewaxing, blending dan packaging. Untuk mendapatkan pelumas yang baik perlu ditambahkannya aditif yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Aditif adalah senyawa kimia yang bila ditambahkan ke dalam pelumas akan menaikkan unjuk kerja pelumas seperti yang diharapkan. Aditif dapat menentukan mutu pelumas yang digunakan karena dapat merubah sifat kimia maupun sifat fisik dari pelumas. Untuk mengetahui kualitas minyak pelumas diperlukan adanya pengujian sifat fisika dan sifat kimia dari pelumas dengan membandingkan hasil uji dari sampel.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE FRYING OIL OVER ALUMINA SUPPORTED CHICKEN EGGSHELL CATALYST USING EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TOOL

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyinka S. Yusuff ◽  
Lekan T. Popoola
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Percentage Contribution

An optimization of the biodiesel production from a waste frying oil via a heterogeneous transesterification was studied. This present study is also aimed at investigating the catalytic ehaviour of the alumina supported eggshell (ASE) for the synthesis of biodiesel. A synthesized ASE catalyst, at various mixing ratios of alumina to eggshell, was investigated and exhibited a better activity for the reaction when the eggshell and alumina were mixed via incipient wetness impregnation in 2 : 1 proportion on a mass basis and calcined at 900 °C for 4 h. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized by basicity, BET, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The 2k factorial experimental design was employed for an optimization of process variables, which include catalyst loading, reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature and their effects on the biodiesel yield were studied. The optimization results showed that the reaction time has the highest percentage contribution of 40.139% while the catalyst loading contributes the least to the biodiesel production, as low as 1.233 %. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9492) and the interaction between the reaction time and reaction temperature contributes significantly to the biodiesel production process with percentage contribution of 14.001 %, compared to other interaction terms. The biodiesel yield of 77.56% was obtained under the optimized factor combination of 4.0 wt.% catalyst loading, 120 min reaction time, 12 : 1 methanol/oil molar ratio and reaction temperature of 65 °C. The reusability study showed that the ASE catalyst could be reused for up to four cycles and the biodiesel produced under optimum conditions conformed to the ASTM standard.

scholarly journals Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Minyak Kelapa melalui Reaksi Metanolisis Menggunakan Katalis CaCO3 yang dipijarkan

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padil Padil ◽  
Slamet Wahyuningsih ◽  
Amir Awaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Experimental Parameters

Biodiesel is one of alternative fuels. Biodiesel can be made from coconut oil and is referred to as cocodiesel. Thisresearch studies the optimum condition of cocodiesel production by methanolysis reaction between coconut oiland methanol using heterogen catalyst of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) is calcined for 1.5 hours at 900oC. In order toget optimum condition, several experimental parameters are applied such as catalyst concentration 1-3 %-wt andmolar ratio of methanol/coconut oil 4:1-12:1. The optimum condition obtained from this experimental as follow:catalyst concentration was 2%, molar ratio of methanol/coconut oil was 8:1 at 600C, produced the higgest conversionof cocodiesel 75.02%. The cocodiesel meet the requirement of Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) specifications.Based on data analysis, the product has a qualification as diesel fuel. SNI Biodisel is density (40 0C) 850-890Kg/m3,kinematic viscosity (40 0C) 2,3-6,0 mm2/s, cetane number min 51, iod number max 115 gr iod/100 gram,moisture content max 0,05 % volum, acid number max 0,8 mg KOH/g, flash point min 100 0C.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF SPENT BLEACHING EARTH-SUPPORTED CALCIUM FROM LIMESTONE AS CATALYST IN TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE FRYING OIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Hindryawati ◽  
Daniel Daniel ◽  
Erwin Erwin ◽  
Gaanty Pragas Maniam
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Bleaching Earth ◽  
Frying Oil ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Waste Frying Oil ◽  
Alkali Catalysts

An investigation was conducted on palm oil refinery waste-spent bleaching earth (POR-SBE), POR-SBE supported by calcium as catalysts for methyl esters production through transesterification process using waste frying oil. The catalysts showed longer lasting activity than the traditional alkali catalysts. The optimum conditions for the process were: Ca-POR-SBE catalyst amount 7 %; methanol to oil molar ratio 12:1; and a reaction duration is 4 h. The process was able to transesterify oil to methyl esters at 96.8 % conversion at 65 C. The catalysts were easily separated from the reaction mixture and the final product met selected biodiesel fuel properties in accordance with European Standard EN 14214.

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