scholarly journals Elemental Composition and Flue Gas Emissions of Different Components from Five Semi-Arid Woody Species in Pyrolysed and Non-Pyrolysed Material

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maginot Ngangyo Heya ◽  
Rahim Foroughbakhch Pournavab ◽  
Artemio Carrillo Parra ◽  
Volker Zelinski ◽  
Lidia Salas Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Acacia Berlandieri ◽  
Semi Arid

Biofuels are sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, they must comply with energy efficiency requirements and contribute to environmental protection. This study was focused on elemental composition (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur and chlorine) of different plants’ components (stems, branches, twigs and leaves) from pyrolysed (charcoal) and non-pyrolysed samples of five semi-arid trees: Acacia berlandieri, A. wrightii, Ebenopsis ebano, Havardia pallens and Helietta parvifolia. Carbon fluctuated from 80.77% to 89.30% in charcoal and 44.99% to 49.70% in non-pyrolysed biomass, and hydrogen ranged from 2.38% to 2.69% in charcoal and 5.89% to 6.62% in non-pyrolysed biomass. Nitrogen accounted for 0.39%–0.65% (branches) and 0.32%–0.64% (stems) in charcoal, and the ranges for non-pyrolyzed material were 2.33–4.00% (leaves), 1.06%–1.76% (twigs), 0.21%–0.52% (branches) and 0.15%–0.28% (stems). Considerably higher concentrations of sulphur compared to chlorine were found, with increasing values for both elements from the base of trees to the leaves. Non-pyrolysed samples were characterized by 68.05 mg/kg–769.16 mg/kg (stems), 118.02 mg/kg–791.68 mg/kg (branches), 225.11 mg/kg–1742.25 mg/kg (twigs) and 374.73 mg/kg–6811.52 mg/kg (leaves) for sulphur, and 117.86 mg/kg–528.08 mg/kg (stems), 109.18 mg/kg–464.15 mg/kg (branches), 905.47 mg/kg–4205.19 mg/kg (twigs) and 2799.68 mg/kg–5072.76 mg/kg (leaves) for chlorine. In charcoal, the concentration ranges for sulphur were 47.54 mg/kg–376.95 mg/kg (branches) and 42.73–292.20 mg/kg (stems) and 139.34 mg/kg–419.68 mg/kg (branches) and 177.39 mg/kg–479.16 (stems) for chlorine. The study has shown that pyrolysis increased the amount of carbon and decreased the amount of hydrogen. Coincidentally, the amount of nitrogen, chlorine and sulphur could be decreased significantly by pyrolysis which means an improvement of the fuel considering the flue gas emissions. Besides the influence of the type of combustion plant and the influence of the source of biofuel, the treatment has a significant influence on the amount and composition of flue gases emitted in the combustion.

scholarly journals Fuel efficiency standards’ roles in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Finite Limit ◽  
Gas Emissions

Fuel efficiency standards are often touted to help reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutants’ emissions, but where does the correlation ends, and does a limit exists on fuel efficiency? Specifically, is there a limit beyond which fuel efficiency of vehicles running on fossil fuels could not be improved further? And what is a better yardstick for environmental sustainability for electric and hybrid vehicles? Could energy efficiency calculated based on the efficiency in which energy is used in transporting a specific weight per kilometer be used in place of fuel efficiency? Searching for answers to the above questions, this analysis describes the conceptual underpinning of how improving fuel efficiency is related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and common air pollutants (such as nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.), but expounds on whether a finite limit exists in fuel efficiency for gasoline powered vehicles, as well as whether energy efficiency would be a better environmental sustainability measure for vehicles moving forward, especially with the use of renewable energy for charging electric vehicles.

scholarly journals Fuel efficiency standards’ roles in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenfa Ng
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Finite Limit ◽  
Gas Emissions

Fuel efficiency standards are often touted to help reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutants’ emissions, but where does the correlation ends, and does a limit exists on fuel efficiency? Specifically, is there a limit beyond which fuel efficiency of vehicles running on fossil fuels could not be improved further? And what is a better yardstick for environmental sustainability for electric and hybrid vehicles? Could energy efficiency calculated based on the efficiency in which energy is used in transporting a specific weight per kilometer be used in place of fuel efficiency? Searching for answers to the above questions, this analysis describes the conceptual underpinning of how improving fuel efficiency is related to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and common air pollutants (such as nitrous oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.), but expounds on whether a finite limit exists in fuel efficiency for gasoline powered vehicles, as well as whether energy efficiency would be a better environmental sustainability measure for vehicles moving forward, especially with the use of renewable energy for charging electric vehicles.

scholarly journals CCGT unit with a carbonation system for CO2 capture

2021 ◽  
Vol 2039 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
G E Maslennikov ◽  
V V Nazarova ◽  
I P Lazebny ◽  
A F Ryzhkov
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Co2 Capture ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Installed Capacity

Abstract The paper considers the issues of creating energy-efficient and environmentally friendly resource-saving energy generation technologies based on fossil fuels, solid waste and materials. A natural gas CCGT with a MSW ash carbonation unit was chosen as the research object. The prototype of the CCGT unit is the CCGT “Akademicheskaya” with an installed capacity of 230 MW. For the carbonation of MSW ash, a direct semi-dry route is used. In the calculation of the CCGT, the power and efficiency of the cycle are determined, as well as the parameters of the flue gas, which are transferred to the calculation of carbonation. As a result of calculations, it was found that this specific CO2 emissions from the power plant using carbonation can be reduced by almost 20% from 403 to 329 g kWh-1, however, a large amount of required MSW (2.6-6.7 kg per kg of flue gases) causes certain difficulties for the implementation of the project.

Application of Disk Aerators to Recarbonation of Alkaline Wastewater from Wet Gasification of Carbide

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gomólka ◽  
B. Gomólka
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Content ◽  
Patent Claim ◽  
Phase Dispersion

Whenever possible, neutralization of alkaline wastewater should involve low-cost acid. It is conventional to make use of carbonic acid produced via the reaction of carbon dioxide (contained in flue gases) with water according to the following equation: Carbon dioxide content in the flue gas stream varies from 10% to 15%. The flue gas stream may either be passed to the wastewater contained in the recarbonizers, or. enter the scrubbers (which are continually sprayed with wastewater) from the bottom in oountercurrent. The reactors, in which recarbonation occurs, have the ability to expand the contact surface between gaseous and liquid phase. This can be achieved by gas phase dispersion in the liquid phase (bubbling), by liquid phase dispersion in the gas phase (spraying), or by bubbling and spraying, and mixing. These concurrent operations are carried out during motion of the disk aerator (which is a patent claim). The authors describe the functioning of the disk aerator, the composition of the wastewater produced during wet gasification of carbide, the chemistry of recarbonation and decarbonation, and the concept of applying the disk aerator so as to make the wastewater fit for reuse (after suitable neutralization) as feeding water in acetylene generators.

New Approach to the Emission of Flue Gases Caused by Sludge Incineration in the Netherlands

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. van der Vlies ◽  
J. H. B. te Marvelde
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Gas Purification ◽  
Incineration Plant ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Sludge Incineration ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
The Town

Recycling of sewage sludge will soon no longer be possible in The Netherlands, or will be possible only to a very limited degree. For that reason, part of the sewage sludge will have to be incinerated. This will happen particularly in those areas where tipping space is very limited. A sludge incineration plant is planned to be built in the town of Dordrecht, with a capacity of 45,000 tonnes dry solids per year. The plant will be subject to the very strict flue gas emission requirements of the Dutch Guideline on Incineration. The Guideline demands a sophisticated flue gas purification procedure.

scholarly journals Low-Cost Organic Adsorbents for Elemental Mercury Removal from Lignite Flue Gas

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2174
Author(s):  
Marta Marczak-Grzesik ◽  
Stanisław Budzyń ◽  
Barbara Tora ◽  
Szymon Szufa ◽  
Krzysztof Kogut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Mercury Removal ◽  
Gas Purification ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Flue Gas Purification

The research presented by the authors in this paper focused on understanding the behavior of mercury during coal combustion and flue gas purification operations. The goal was to determine the flue gas temperature on the mercury emissions limits for the combustion of lignites in the energy sector. The authors examined the process of sorption of mercury from flue gases using fine-grained organic materials. The main objectives of this study were to recommend a low-cost organic adsorbent such as coke dust (CD), corn straw char (CS-400), brominated corn straw char (CS-400-Br), rubber char (RC-600) or granulated rubber char (GRC-600) to efficiently substitute expensive dust-sized activated carbon. The study covered combustion of lignite from a Polish field. The experiment was conducted at temperatures reflecting conditions inside a flue gas purification installation. One of the tested sorbents—tire-derived rubber char that was obtained by pyrolysis—exhibited good potential for Hg0 into Hg2+ oxidation, resulting in enhanced mercury removal from the flue. The char characterization increased elevated bromine content (mercury oxidizing agent) in comparison to the other selected adsorbents. This paper presents the results of laboratory tests of mercury sorption from the flue gases at temperatures of 95, 125, 155 and 185 °C. The average mercury content in Polish lignite was 465 μg·kg−1. The concentration of mercury in flue gases emitted into the atmosphere was 17.8 µg·m−3. The study analyzed five low-cost sorbents with the average achieved efficiency of mercury removal from 18.3% to 96.1% for lignite combustion depending on the flue gas temperature.

scholarly journals Effect of Flue Gases’ Corrosive Components on the Degradation Process of Evaporator Tubes

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3860
Author(s):  
Mária Hagarová ◽  
Milan Vaško ◽  
Miroslav Pástor ◽  
Gabriela Baranová ◽  
Miloš Matvija
Keyword(s):  
Flue Gas ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Flue Gases ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Local Overheating ◽  
Inner Surface

Corrosion of boiler tubes remains an operational and economic limitation in municipal waste power plants. The understanding of the nature, mechanism, and related factors can help reduce the degradation process caused by corrosion. The chlorine content in the fuel has a significant effect on the production of gaseous components (e.g., HCl) and condensed phases on the chloride base. This study aimed to analyze the effects of flue gases on the outer surface and saturated steam on the inner surface of the evaporator tube. The influence of gaseous chlorides and sulfates or their deposits on the course and intensity of corrosion was observed. The salt melts reacted with the steel surface facing the flue gas flow and increased the thickness of the oxide layer up to a maximum of 30 mm. On the surface not facing the flue gas flow, they disrupted the corrosive layer, reduced its adhesion, and exposed the metal surface. Beneath the massive deposits, a local overheating of the inner surface of the evaporator tubes occurred, which resulted in the release of the protective magnetite layer from the surface. Ash deposits reduce the boiler’s thermal efficiency because they act as a thermal resistor for heat transfer between the flue gases and the working medium in the pipes. The effect of insufficient feedwater treatment was evinced in the presence of mineral salts in the corrosion layer on the inner surface of the tube.

scholarly journals Edible Energy Production and Energy Return on Investment—Long-Term Analysis of Global Changes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1011
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Bajan ◽  
Joanna Łukasiewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda ◽  
Walenty Poczta
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Energy Return On Investment

The projected increase in the world’s population requires an increase in the production of edible energy that would meet the associated increased demand for food. However, food production is strongly dependent on the use of energy, mainly from fossil fuels, the extraction of which requires increasing input due to the depletion of the most easily accessible deposits. According to numerous estimations, the world’s energy production will be dependent on fossil fuels at least to 2050. Therefore, it is vital to increase the energy efficiency of production, including food production. One method to measure energy efficiency is the energy return on investment (EROI), which is the ratio of the amount of energy produced to the amount of energy consumed in the production process. The literature lacks comparable EROI calculations concerning global food production and the existing studies only include crop production. The aim of this study was to calculate the EROI of edible crop and animal production in the long term worldwide and to indicate the relationships resulting from its changes. The research takes into account edible crop and animal production in agriculture and the direct consumption of fossil fuels and electricity. The analysis showed that although the most underdeveloped regions have the highest EROI, the production of edible energy there is usually insufficient to meet the food needs of the population. On the other hand, the lowest EROI was observed in highly developed regions, where production ensures food self-sufficiency. However, the changes that have taken place in Europe since the 1990s indicate an opportunity to simultaneously reduce the direct use of energy in agriculture and increase the production of edible energy, thus improving the EROI.

Life cycle assessment of ultra-low treatment for steel industry sintering flue gas emissions

2020 ◽  
Vol 725 ◽  
pp. 138292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Cui ◽  
Kaiming Ba ◽  
Fangqiu Li ◽  
Qingsong Wang ◽  
Qiao Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Gas Emissions
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