scholarly journals The Importance of Checking Indoor Air Quality in Underground Historic Buildings Intended for Tourist Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Maestre ◽  
Victor Iribarren
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

This article demonstrates the importance of quantifying the air quality with radon gas level as indicator in any heritage building, especially those intended for the use of people. The tourist activity or historical guide represents a typology where people spend a certain time, that is to say, in no case do they spend the same amount of hours as in their homes or jobs. Different gases that may be present in the environment must be controlled. The Séneca Square shelter, in Alicante, is a very important place for the history of the city during the Spanish Civil War that has recently been rehabilitated for exposure to people. The source of most radon gas inside a building is the ground. Many countries, including Spain, in which the building regulations, regarding the accumulation of radon gas, do not specify in their technical codes, the maximum dose that a building can sustain so that it is not harmful to people, or, the measures required to correct excessive accumulation. The possible existence of radon is verified in any underground building, regardless of the characteristics of the soil (whether granitic or not), the importance of defining and unifying the regulations that specify the different levels of radon in any architectural constructions is evident. Most of the scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, consider that radon gas is a very harmful element for people. This element in its gaseous state is radioactive and it is present in almost all soils in which buildings are implanted, with granitic types of soil presenting higher levels of radon gas. Non-granitic soils have traditionally been considered to have very low radon levels. However, this work, providing the results of the research carried out in the underground air raid shelter in Seneca Square in Alicante (Spain), demonstrates the relevant presence of radon in non-granitic soils. This research addresses the constructive typology of the underground building and the radon presence in its interior obtained using rigorous measurement techniques.

scholarly journals Ventilation as an Indispensable Tool for Healthy Constructions: Comparison of Alicante’s Urban Railway Tunnels

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rizo Maestre ◽  
Víctor Echarri-Iribarren ◽  
Antonio Galiano-Garrigós
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Underground Railway ◽  
Indispensable Tool ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

The majority of scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, including the World Health Organization, consider radon gas a very harmful element for humans. This element, in its gaseous state, is radioactive and is present in almost all land in which buildings are implanted, especially in granitic soils, which present higher levels of radon gas. Nongranitic soils have traditionally been considered to have low radon levels. In addition to the contributions made by this article, it is very relevant that there are many countries, including Spain, in which the technical codes for their construction regulations do not include the maximum radon dose that a building can hold so that it is not harmful to humans nor do they hold the measures necessary to remedy excessive accumulation. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the need for ventilation in buried works. To do this, a comparison is made between two railway tunnels in the urban fabric of the city of Alicante: one of them is in operation (Benacantil Mount) and the other is in the excavation phase (Serra Grossa). When underground railway installations are planned, they are equipped with large air ventilation systems due to the pollutants generated by ground exposure. These mechanical systems consist of suction turbines that expel the air to the outside. Research shows that radon gas is an indicator of an area’s air quality. In addition, ventilation in railway tunnels (mechanical and natural) allows for air renewal and improves the air quality.

scholarly journals Radon Gas as an Indicator for Air Quality Control in Buried Industrial Architecture: Rehabilitation of the Old Británica Warehouses in Alicante for a Tourist Site

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Rizo-Maestre ◽  
Víctor Echarri-Iribarren ◽  
Raúl Prado-Govea ◽  
Francisco Pujol-López
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Element ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Air Quality Control ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

The infrastructure of the Británica warehouses in Alicante is a very important industrial architectural element in the history of Spain, although it is unknown to almost all of the inhabitants of the city. The former fuel refinery is located in the Serra Grossa Mountains and served much of the country until 1966. This research is based on the plans of the city of Alicante to convert a historical element, the Británica warehouses, into a unique tourist site. Currently, the network of storage domes in this facility, which has an approximate footprint of 20,000 m 2 and domes approximately 20 m high, is in a state of neglect, and there are neighborhood initiatives for its rehabilitation to become a cultural or tourist site. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the quality of the indoor air. Radon gas is analyzed as a control element for future refurbishment of the facility. Alicante is a nongranite area and therefore is not very susceptible to generation of radon gas indoors, but the conditions of a buried and poorly ventilated space make the site appropriate for analysis. Most scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, including the World Health Organization, consider radon gas to be very harmful to humans. This element in its gaseous state is radioactive and is present in almost all the land in which the buildings are implanted, with granitic type soils presenting higher levels of radon gas. Nongranitic soils have traditionally been considered to have low radon levels. The city of Alicante, where the installation is located, is a nongranitic area and therefore is not very susceptible to generating radon gas in buildings, but the conditions of buried and poorly ventilated places make the site appropriate for analysis to support air quality control and decision-making.

scholarly journals Radon Gas in the City of Alicante. High Risk of Low Indoor Air Quality in Poorly Ventilated Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8762
Author(s):  
Carlos Rizo-Maestre ◽  
Víctor Echarri-Iribarren
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Buried Structures ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Measurement Location ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

In December 2019, Spain considered for the first time the presence of radon to the Technical Building Code (Basic Document HS 6: Radon Exposure Protection), although it only mentions minimum presences and the need for ventilation. This research shows that in buried structures or in places with little ventilation, even in soils with a low probability of granite, a high content of radon gas can be found. The city of Alicante has been used as a measurement location for different architectural sites; here, the level of 100 Bq/m3 is the first threshold where the gas must be monitored, and the level of 300 Bq/m3 is the maximum threshold above which corrective ventilation measures must be taken. The research conducted during the years 2015 and 2016 shows that it is necessary to account for also the areas considered to be “low presence of radon gas” to achieve healthy constructions. The renewal of air in the different places will be tested for the presence of radon, i.e., the greater the accumulation is, the less ventilation and the greater the risk of accumulation of radon gas. This study is located in the city of Alicante, where the seven civil constructions are located: two Civil War shelters, the Santa Barbara Castle, the Ereta Powder Keg, the Luceros-Marq and Serra Grossa railway tunnels and the Británica underground deposits. Radon gas is currently a concern for major health and medical agencies because it is considered to be a chemical element that is very harmful to people. The World Health Organization is one of the organisations that has the objective of studying and researching this element, to develop solutions. Radon gas is normally found in a gaseous state and is highly radioactive. It is present in many terrains and it is mostly found in those with granite; although the presence of this element is very low, there is always a minimum presence. In the past, in nongranite soils, the dose of radon was considered to be so low that it was insignificant. Therefore, in this research, the aim is to consider the high presence of radon gas in nongranite soils as long as the conditions for its accumulation are present.

scholarly journals Radon gas as a constructive element in the chilean pacific coast the case of a manor house in Viña del mar (valparaíso).

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1245
Author(s):  
Carlos Rizo Maestre ◽  
Claudio A. Sáez ◽  
Ángel B González-Avilés ◽  
Antonio Galiano-Garrigós ◽  
Víctor Echarri-Iribarren
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Manor House ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

The presence of radon gas in buildings is an indicator of indoor air quality. The study presented analyses the amount of radon gas in the city of Viña del Mar in the Valparaiso region (Chile), in a manor house that currently serves as the Center of Advanced Studies at the Univer-sidad de Playa Ancha. Radon gas is an element considered highly harmful to people by various scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, including the World Health Organization (WHO). The main effect of the presence of radon in the human environment is the risk of lung cancer. This radioactive gaseous element is present in almost all construction materials, and in the land where buildings are located. This article provides the measurements made by the Center of Advanced Studies of the Universidad de Playa Ancha and analyses the levels obtained according to their danger to humans. These values have been used as comparisons to analyse the differences in the presence of this gas between the Chilean Pacific coast and Europe. The values have been analysed with respect to the requirements that are currently being implemented.  

scholarly journals The Radon Gas in Underground Constructions. Railway Tunnel of Alicante (Spain)

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.5) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Carlos Rizo Maestre ◽  
Servando Chinchón Yepes ◽  
Victor Echarri Iribarren
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Railway Tunnel ◽  
Radon Gas ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

The presence of radon gas in constructions is an indicator of air quality. The study presented analyzes the amount of radon gas in the Railway Tunnel in Alicante. This infrastructure is very important for the city due to its social importance in facilitating urban mobility. radon gas is an element considered highly harmful to people by different scientific agencies in the field of medicine and health, including the World Health Organization (WHO). The main effect of the presence of radon in the environment of the human being is the risk of contracting lung cancer. This radioactive gaseous element is present in almost all building materials, and in the land in which the buildings are implanted. In this article the measurements made in the tunnel are provided and the levels obtained are analyzed according to their danger to humans. In Spain, the Technical Building Code (CTE) still does not contemplate the dose of radon that can hold a maximum of one building and how to contain it.  

Varunamula Twak Kwatha in Mootrashmari as ideal Ashmarighna - A Case Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti P. Rajole ◽  
Panchal Vinayak J. ◽  
Chandrakanth Halli
Keyword(s):  
Stone Formation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
System Management ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Modern System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Specific Identity

Urinary disorders have a specific identity both in modern and Ayurvedic system of medicine. The improper purificatory procedure results in residual accumulation of Kapha and Pitta Prakopa in Mootravaha Srotas. Hence all the Doshas collectively result in formation of Ashmari. The information regarding Ashmari is available in almost all Samhitas. The disease is prevalent irrespective of their socio-economic and cultural background. The process of stone formation is called Urolithiasis. Most calculi arise in kidney when urine becomes supersaturated with a salt that is capable of forming solid crystals. There are different treatment lines for the management of Ashmari in modern system. Management of urinary disease occupies an important place in Ayurveda. Varunamula Twak Kwatha administerd in Paneeya form, which is having Vedana Shamaka, Ashmrighna properties which leads to disintegration, dissolution, dislodgement and expulsion of stone. A 36 yrs young male presenting with history of symptoms of Mootrashmari like Teevravedana over Nabhi, Vasti, Sevani and Medra during micturition, aggravation of pain during running, jumping, walking long distance etc. since 3 days has presented here.

scholarly journals Hitler’s Downfall and the Collapse of the Thousand Years Reich: Multi Fronts and Incapable Allies

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ali Baig
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Almost All

AbstractThe downfall of Adolf Hitler was a significant development in the history of the world. His armies conquered almost all of Europe in a dramatic span of time by the employment of Blitzkrieg tactics. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, Hitler assisted General Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later, while still fighting on the Western front, Hitler ordered the Afrika Korps to assist Italians in Northern Africa and in the Balkans region and finally launched Operation Barbarossa by invading the Soviet Union. The Anti-Comintern Pact, Pact of Steel and Tripartite Pact brought the Third Reich, the Empire of Japan and the Kingdom of Italy onto one page. This paper attempts to probe the multiple fronts and the efficacy of Hitler’s allies including Japan, Italy, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Croatia and to try and find the causes behind the downfall of one of the strongest men the world has ever seen from a theoretical perspective. This research did not intend to glorify Hitler or Nazism, but focuses on how the maximization of power and the states’ actions with hegemonic aspirations triggered a balancing coalition and ultimately resulted in punishment from the system itself.

scholarly journals What’s in a Street? Exploring Suspended Cosmopolitanism in Trikoupi, Nicosia

2021 ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Karen Akoka ◽  
Olivier Clochard ◽  
Iris Polyzou ◽  
Camille Schmoll
Keyword(s):  
South Asians ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Global Connections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City ◽  
Neighborhood Impacts

AbstractSituated at the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, the island of Cyprus has always been a bridge as well as a border between the Middle East and Europe. It has also been an important place of both emigration and immigration. The situation in Nicosia, the capital city, is marked by decline following the 1974 conflict and partition. At the same time, however, the city has become an important settling place for international migrants, whose presence has grown during the last 20 years. Today Nicosia’s situation lies between a typical south European city (in which migrants find room in the interstices) and a post-war city. Following the growing effort within migration studies to use the street as a laboratory of diversity and cosmopolitanism (Susan Hall), this paper focuses on a single street. Formerly an important business street, Trikoupi Street is now well known as one of the most cosmopolitan streets in Nicosia, in which south Asians, Arabs, Sub-Saharan Africans as well as Eastern Europeans converge. These different populations correspond to different migratory waves as well as different modes of incorporation into local society. In this chapter, we aim to see how the street level may help us to reflect upon important topics in Cyprus such as contested citizenship, urban change, local/global connections, as well as new forms of cohabitation and patterns of subaltern cosmopolitanism. We also aim to reflect upon the multiple temporalities of the neighborhood, in order to show how the history of the street (and the history of the neighborhood) impacts on current ways of life in Trikoupi. We define the current situation as “suspended cosmopolitanism.”

scholarly journals WHEN THE RISK IS URBAN PLANNING. A CASE STUDY IN EL CABANYAL (SPAIN)

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 753-760
Author(s):  
A. Guardiola-Víllora ◽  
L. Basset-Salom
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
City Council ◽  
Gable Roof ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Heritage Building ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The City ◽  
Special Protection

Abstract. This paper presents the vicissitudes of a residential dwelling built in El Cabanyal in 1923 and how poor urban planning can be a risk. The building corresponds to one of the most common traditional typologies: a terraced house with masonry load bearing brick walls and timber floors, three storeys, a linear staircase attached to the party walls, a courtyard at the rear and a gable roof. In the past, this building, proved to be resilient, overcoming the risk of collapse in some important episodes which affected directly El Cabanyal: the air raid attacks of the Valencian coastline settlements during the Spanish Civil War and the floods occurred in 1949 and in 1957. In 1988, the building was listed in the catalogue of the General Plan with a protection grade 3. The special protection plan (PEPRI 2001) which was supposed to protect and rehabilitate El Cabanyal, projected the extension of Blasco Ibañez Avenue to the sea and consequently, the division of the neighbourhood in two halves, tearing down an important number of houses. Subsequently, the City council began to expropriate buildings facilitating their occupation by squatters. The level of degradation caused by the urban planning is such that this area is known as ‘Ground Zero Area’. At the time of writing this paper, the building appears to be illegally occupied and in a bad state of preservation. After almost a hundred years facing different risks, poor urban planning appears to be the cause of the destruction of this heritage building.

scholarly journals Verkhoyansk Secondary School — the Oldest School in the Far North: The Beginning of a Long Journey

2021 ◽  
pp. 271-280
Author(s):  
Vladimir P. STAROSTIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arctic Coast ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City ◽  
Blank Spot ◽  
Vast Territory

In this article, the author shares the results of his research on the history of the city of Verkhoyansk — one of the oldest cities in the Far North of Russia. The city was founded by the Russian Cossack Postnik Ivanov in 1638. The school, which was opened two and a half centuries later, has its own history, as interesting as the city itself: it reflects almost all the events that took place in such a distant time in the Arctic coast of the Arctic, in Yakutia, in Russia. Despite the fact that the city is one of the smallest for its population, however, the founders of the school, its teachers and alumni were involved in many historical events, facts that made the fame and pride of place, has contributed to the development of their region, their country. Today we will get acquainted with the earliest period — the time of the Foundation and creation of the school as one of the main points of enlightenment of the vast territory lying to the North of the Verkhoyansk ridges. As it turned out, despite the long-standing interest in this place on the part of domestic and foreign historians, sociologists, and ethnographers, this period still remains a blank spot in history: we still do not know many participants in these events, there is no reliable data about some facts. The author has to be content with fragmentary information, give his own interpretation and explanation.

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