scholarly journals Reusing Pruning Residues for Thermal Energy Production: A Mobile App to Match Biomass Availability with the Heating Energy Balance of Agro-Industrial Buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Bisaglia ◽  
Massimo Brambilla ◽  
Maurizio Cutini ◽  
Antonio Bortolotti ◽  
Guido Rota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Pruning Residues

Using the pruning residues of woody crops can be beneficial in many ways (e.g., excellent energy balance, a net reduction in pollutant emission and a positive contribution to global warming control). This article describes the background work and development of a new support tool that will allow the user to know the amount and quality of pruning residue required to meet the energy requirements to heat both residential and agro-industrial buildings (e.g., greenhouses). Knowing the average amount of pruned biomass (t d.m. ha−1), the average lower heating value of wood (4.00 kWh kg−1) and the average efficiency of a woody biomass boiler (90%) enabled the overall available net energy yearly amount (kWh year−1) to be determined. This was compared to the overall energy requirements (kWh year−1) of agro-industrial buildings, which are a result of their main features (e.g., maximum heatable surface, building energy classification and the climatic zone). Depending on user needs, the tool suggests the amount of required biomass and, if not entirely available, what amount of fossil fuels are required to fulfill the energy requirement. The algorithm output was compared with the results of two case studies carried out on seven farm buildings and nine greenhouses. Knowing the amount and energy potential of the available biomass allows for planning and evaluation of the planned benefits.

scholarly journals On Energy Balance and Production Costs in Tubular and Flat Panel Photobioreactors

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Norsker ◽  
Maria J. Barbosa ◽  
Mariam H. Vermuë ◽  
René H. Wijffels
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Flat Panel ◽  
Tubular Reactors

Reducing mixing in both flat panel and tubular photobioreactors can result in a positive net energy balance with state-of-the-art technology and Dutch weather conditions. In the tubular photobioreactor, the net energy balance becomes positive at velocities < 0.3 ms-1, at which point the biomass production cost is 3.2 €/kg dry weight. In flat panel reactors, this point is at an air supply rate < 0.25 vol vol-1 min-1, at which the biomass production cost is 2.39 €/kg dry weight. To achieve these values in flat panel reactors, cheap low pressure blowers must be used, which limits the panel height to a maximum of 0.5 m, and in tubular reactors the tubes must be hydraulically smooth. For tubular reactors, it is important to prevent the formation of wall growth in order to keep the tubes hydraulically smooth. This paper shows how current production costs and energy requirement could be decreased.

scholarly journals California net energy system for Bos taurus indicus

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 991-998
Author(s):  
Mario Luiz Chizzotti ◽  
Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽  
Pedro Del Bianco Benedeti ◽  
Flávia Adriane de Sales Silva
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus Indicus

Abstract The California net energy system (CNES) was the reference for the development of most energy requirement systems worldwide, such as Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (NASEM, Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, 8th Revised ed, 2016) and Brazilian Nutrient Requirements of Zebu and Crossbred Cattle (Valadares Filho, S. C., L. F. C. Silva, M. P. Gionbelli, P. P. Rotta, M. I. Marcondes, M. L. Chizzotti, and L. F. Prados, BR-CORTE: nutrient requirements of zebu and crossbred cattle, 3rd ed, 2016). This review aimed to compare methods used by NASEM and BR-CORTE to estimate the energy requirements for beef cattle. The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) of BR-CORTE is based on empty body weight (EBW), whereas NASEM uses shrunk body weight (SBW), but the Bos taurus indicus presents 10% to 8% lower NEm than Bos taurus taurus. We have compared animals with different EBW and SBW but with same equivalent empty body weight/standard reference weight ratio (0.75), as both systems have suggested different mature weights. Both systems predicted similar net energy requirements for gain (NEg) for animals with 1.8 kg of daily gain. However, estimated empty body gain was lower for NASEM estimations when the same metabolizable energy for gain is available. For pregnancy and lactation of beef cows, the NEm and net energy requirements for pregnancy (NEp) of a Zebu cow estimated by BR-CORTE were lower than the values estimated by NASEM. Furthermore, the magnitude of differences between these systems regarding NEp increased as pregnancy days increase. The NASEM and BR-CORTE systems have presented similar values for energy requirement for lactation (0.72 and 0.75 Mcal/kg milk, respectively).

Seasonal energy requirements of wapiti (Cervus elaphus) for maintenance and growth

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jiang ◽  
R. J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Native Pastures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

Seasonal energy intakes of 6- to 14-mo-old wapiti hinds were determined in energy balance trials under pen and field conditions in winter, spring and summer. Six animals grazed native pastures supplemented with alfalfa hay when pasture availability declined in winter. Another six were penned and fed alfalfa-barley pellets to maximize growth throughout the year. Season and diet-specific metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and liveweight gain were determined from regression of metabolizable energy intake on gain. Daily maintenance requirements of penned wapiti ranged from (mean ± SE) 473 ± 35 kJ kg−0.75 in winter to 728 ± 78 kJ kg−0.75 in summer. On spring and summer pasture, daily ecological maintenance requirements ranged from 900 ± 26 to 984 ± 37 kJ kg−0.75. Energy requirements for gain were the same in pen and field trials, ranging from 25 ± 6 to 33 ± 5 kJ g−1 in winter and from 40 ± 6 to 43 ± 12 kJ g−1 in spring and summer. This study provides basic information on the metabolizable energy needs of wapiti and insights into how their seasonal requirements can be optimally met. Key words: Elk, metabolizable energy requirement, growth, physiological maintenance, ecological maintenance, seasonality, energy balance

scholarly journals Maintenance requirements for energy in cross-bred cattle

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Patle ◽  
V. D. Mudgal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

1. Twenty-seven energy and protein balances were done using nine cross-bred (Brown Swiss × Sahiwal) mature bullocks in a series of three balance trials. The bullocks were fed 75, 100 and 125 % of the metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible crude protein standard values recommended by the (US) National Research Council (1966). Heat production was estimated by indirect calorimetry, by collection and analysis of respiratory gases2. Utilization of energy for maintenance and fat production was estimated by computing regression of energy balance v. digestible energy (DE) and ME separately on a metabolic body size (kg body-weight (W)0·75) basis. Maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of utilization of ME for lipogenesis were estimated using multiple regression of ME intake, also. Heat production (and thus energy balance) was corrected for excess nitrogen intake3. An attempt was made to measure basal heat production of bullocks so that the net energy requirements for maintenance could be estimated. Extrapolation of the regression line of energy balance v. ME intake below maintenance on a W0·75 basis gave a basal metabolism of 348·09 kJ/W0·75 per d4. Energy requirements for maintenance were (kJ/kg W0·75 per d): 539·43 DE, 448·81 ME and 348·09 net energy. The results of multiple regression gave a requirement of 432·15 kJ ME/kg W0·75 per d for maintenance5. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 81·34% while for lipogenesis it was 54·5 %.

Winter energy balance and activity of female caribou on Coats Island, Northwest Territories: the relative importance of foraging and body reserves

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1221-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Z. Adamczewski ◽  
R. J. Hudson ◽  
C. C. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Winter Activity ◽  
Body Reserves

Reduced availability of forage in winter is the dominant limiting factor for the isolated, predator-free caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) population on Coats Island, Northwest Territories. Pregnant females in this population typically begin winter with large fat reserves but catabolize most of them by spring. We modelled net energy requirements of a pregnant female during two winters (1982 – 1983 and 1983 – 1984) to evaluate energy requirements for maintenance, activity, and pregnancy, and to estimate the contribution of body reserves in supplying these requirements. A secondary objective was to determine whether winter activity budgets were related to energy balance, quality of winter diets, or body condition. Estimated net energy requirements were lowest during midwinter (16 MJ/d for an average female) but increased rapidly toward spring. Maintenance was at all times the largest component of requirements, but gestation costs increased to 12 – 14% of total requirements by winter's end, and activity costs tended to increase from 3.8–4.0 MJ/d (23–25% of requirements) at the beginning of winter to 4.6–4.8 MJ/d (26 – 29% of costs) in late winter. Body reserves supplied an estimated 14.2% (1982 – 1983) and 19.2% (1983 – 1984) of overall winter requirements. The contribution from body reserves varied from 9 to 24% during different portions of the two winters and, in late winter 1982 – 1983, reserves may have been a crucial supplement at a time of decreased forage availability and rising energy costs. Caribou were least active in early winter, when they were fattest, and most active at winter's end when their energy needs were increasing. These patterns were not consistent with activity budgets of most mainland caribou, and winter activity budgets were not consistently related to either diet quality or body condition.

scholarly journals Energy Requirements of Beef Cattle: Current Energy Systems and Factors Influencing Energy Requirements for Maintenance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1642
Author(s):  
Edward H. Cabezas-Garcia ◽  
Denise Lowe ◽  
Francis Lively
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Food Research ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk

The present review compared features of the UK system for predicting energy requirements in beef cattle with a number of feeding systems developed from research institutes consortiums around the world. In addition, energy requirements for maintenance calculated from studies conducted at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) in Northern Ireland since the 1990s were compared with compiled data from recent peer-review papers published over the last decade (2009–2020). The mean metabolisable energy requirement for the maintenance (MEm) of growing cattle was 0.672 MJ/kg0.75 according to values obtained from calorimetry studies conducted at AFBI. This value is respectively 8.2 and 19.5% greater than the MEm values obtained by the Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) equations, but it is in close agreement with the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) approach, when assuming a Bos taurus bull (300 kg LW) and an efficiency for converting energy for maintenance (km) of 0.65. Most of the literature data on energy requirements for the maintenance for this animal category were obtained from studies conducted with Bos indicus animals and their crossbreds in Brazilian conditions with this confirming lower requirements of these animals when compared to pure Bos taurus cattle. A simulation of the total ME requirements calculated for an Angus × Friesian steer (LW = 416 kg) offered good quality grass silage, indicated that both AFRC and NASEM systems overestimate (38.5 and 20.5%, respectively) the observed efficiency of converting ME for growth (kg). When the total ME requirements (maintenance + growth) were assessed, both systems underpredicted total ME requirement in 15.8 and 22.1 MJ/d. The mean MEm requirements for suckler cows obtained from the literature (0.596 MJ/kg0.75) is on average 19.1% greater than predictions given by both AFRC and INRA (lactation) equations when considering a 550 kg cow and a km value of 0.72. Although no differences in net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were detected between dry and lactating suckler cows, as expected the later displayed greater variation as a result of differences in milk production. On this regard, the INRA model recognise increased NEm requirements for lactating animals compared to dry cows. The re-evaluation of the concept of diet metabolisability and the analysis of existing data on compensatory growth responses are recommended for future updates of the British system (AFRC) having in to account the particularities of grass-based systems in the UK.

scholarly journals Animals selected for postweaning weight gain rate have similar maintenance energy requirements regardless of their residual feed intake classification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Delveaux Araujo Batalha ◽  
Luís Orlindo Tedeschi ◽  
Fabiana Lana de Araújo ◽  
Renata Helena Branco ◽  
Joslaine Noely dos Santos Gonçalves Cyrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy

Abstract Data of comparative slaughter were used to determine Nellore bulls' net energy requirements classified as efficient or inefficient according to residual feed intake (RFI) and selection lines (SL). Sixty-seven Nellore bulls from the selected (SE) and control (CO) lines of the selection program for postweaning weight gain were used. The animals underwent digestibility trials before being submitted to the finishing trial. Sixteen bulls were slaughtered at the beginning of the finishing trial, and their body composition were used as the baseline for the remaining animals. For body composition determinations, whole empty body components were weighed, ground, and subsampled for chemical analyses. Initial body composition was determined with equations developed from the baseline group using shrunk body weight, fat, and protein. The low RFI (LRFI) and CO animals had a lower dry matter (DMI) and nutrient intake (P &lt; 0.05) than high RFI (HRFI) and SE animals, without alterations in digestibility coefficients (P &gt; 0.05). During the finishing trial, DMI remained lower for LRFI and CO animals. Growth performance was similar between RFI classes, except for empty body weight gain that tended to be higher for LRFI than HRFI (P = 0.091). The SE animals had less fat content on the empty body (P = 0.005) than CO. Carcasses tended to be leaner for LRFI than HRFI (P = 0.080) and for SE than CO (P = 0.066) animals. LRFI animals retained more energy (P = 0.049) and had lower heat production (HP; P = 0.033) than the HRFI ones. Retained energy was not influenced by SL (P = 0.165), but HP tended to be higher for SE when compared to CO (P = 0.075) animals. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was lower for LRFI than HRFI (P = 0.009), and higher for SE than CO (P = 0.046) animals. There was an interaction tendency between RFI and SL (P = 0.063), suggesting that NEm was lower for LRFI+CO than HRFI+CO (P = 0.006), with no differences for SE (P = 0.527) animals. The efficiency of ME utilization for maintenance (km) of LRFI and HRFI animals were 62.6 and 58.4%, respectively, and for SE and CO were 59.0 and 62.1%, respectively. The breeding program for postweaning weight has not improved feed efficiency over the years, with RFI classification not being a promising selection tool for SE animals. Classification based on RFI seems to be useful in animals that have not undergone the breeding program, with LRFI animals having lower energy requirements than the HRFI ones.

scholarly journals Protein and energy requirements for maintenance of indigenous Granadina goats

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Prieto ◽  
J. F. Aguilera ◽  
L. Lara ◽  
J. FonollÁ
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Total N ◽  
A Value ◽  
Maintenance Requirements ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

Sixteen adult castrated male goats of the Granadina breed, with initial live weights ranging from 26.0 to 33.3 kg were used in two experiments to determine their protein and energy requirements for maintenance. Digestibility, nitrogen and energy balance measurements were made during the experiments. Two diets, which were based on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay alone or on this forage and barley, were individually given at about maintenance level once daily. Gas exchange was measured using open-circuit respiration chambers. Fasting heat production was also determined. By regression analysis endogenous urinary N and maintenance requirements for N were estimated to be 119 mg/kg body-weight (W)0.75 per d and 409 mg total N/kg W0.75 per d respectively. Fasting heat production was 324 kJ/kg W0.75. The energy requirement for maintenance was calculated by regression of energy balance on metabolizable energy (ME) intake and a value of 443 kJ/kg W0.75 per d was found. The overall efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was 0.73.

scholarly journals Moving beyond Limitations: Designing the Helpdys App for Children with Dyslexia in Rural Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7081
Author(s):  
Andres Larco ◽  
Jorge Carrillo ◽  
Nelson Chicaiza ◽  
Cesar Yanez ◽  
Sergio Luján-Mora
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Educational Games ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
Self Confidence

Dyslexia is a relatively common language disorder which is generally ignored in rural communities. It hinders children’s learning processes and, in some cases, is the cause of dropouts or violence in schools. The present work strives to create a web and mobile app as a preliminary step towards the diagnosis and treatment of dyslexic children. Apps providing didactic educational games and activities improve literacy skills for students with reading disabilities. The current work incorporates user experience and prototyping to fulfill app requirements. The authors evaluated the apps with the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) tool to assess engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information. The app’s improvements were immediately implemented and tested in the “Escuela Linea Equinoccial” (Ecuador) school, proving its utility for future use in the education system. The app can be a valuable tool for children with dyslexia to progress successfully through school, raising their self-confidence and, thereby, helping them reach their full potential as adults able to make a positive contribution to society.

scholarly journals Regulation of Nutritional Metabolism in Transition Dairy Goats: Energy Balance, Liver Activity, and Insulin Resistance in Response to Berberine Supplementation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2236
Author(s):  
Navid Ghavipanje ◽  
Mohammad Hasan Fathi Nasri ◽  
Seyyed Homayoun Farhangfar ◽  
Seyyed Ehsan Ghiasi ◽  
Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Insulin Metabolism ◽  
Liver Activity

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the alleviating effects of the isoquinoline alkaloid berberine (BBR) on the energy balance (EB), glucose and insulin metabolism, and liver functionality in transition dairy goats, as reflected by blood metabolites and enzymes. Twenty-four primiparous Saanen goats were randomly allocated to four groups. Goats in each group received, ad libitum, the same basal diet during the pre- and post-partum periods of evaluation. Goats received daily0, 1, 2, or 4 g BBR (coded as CON, BBR1, BBR2, and BBR4, respectively). Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk yield were recorded daily. Blood samples were collected on days −21, −14, −7, 0, 7, 14, and 21 relative to kidding, and individual body condition scores (BCSs) were also recorded. Supplementation with either BBR2 or BBR4 increased (p < 0.05) pre- and post-partum DMI, increasing (p < 0.05) the intakes of net energy for lactating and metabolizable proteins. BBR2 and BBR4 increased (p < 0.05) post-partum milk production as well as fat-corrected milk (FCM), energy-corrected milk (ECM), and feed efficiency, indicating the alleviating effect of BBR on the negative energy balance (NEB) in transition goats. The daily ingestion of either 2 or 4 g BBR reduced (p < 0.05) plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and increased (p < 0.05) the dynamic change in the liver activity index (LAI) and liver functionality index (LFI), implying its hepatoprotective effect on transition goats. Overall, the results suggest that BBR supplementation of at least 2 g/d may help to ameliorate insulin resistance (IR) and fat metabolism disorders initiated by the NEB in transition dairy goats.

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