scholarly journals Low-Emission Modeling for Energy Demand in the Household Sector: A Study of Pakistan as a Developing Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Bashir ◽  
Iftikhar Ahmad ◽  
Sajid Rashid Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Ghg Reduction

In the developing world, the energy needs of the household sector have grown manifold, due to rapid urbanization and the introduction of affordable technology. However, constraints in the power supply and underutilization of renewable resources, coupled with inefficient fuel use and obsolete technology, have increased the average energy usage cost and emissions. Hence, the current study provides a long-term sustainable energy management plan for the urban household, in terms of energy savings, social cost, and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation. To address energy security and climate change challenges, a demand-side management scenario (DSM) is proposed through integration of efficient policies and nationally determined contributions. On the basis of policy analysis and energy consumption patterns, macro-economic modeling was carried out for the period 2011–2050, using the Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) modeling tool. Results show that the “efficient water heating” scenario offers the maximum energy-saving potential (up to 270 M.TOE) whereas “efficient space cooling” is the lowest-cost scenario. To achieve the best-fit mitigation scenario (MIT), targets for renewable energy supply were also incorporated. Findings were weighed against the reference scenario (REF), which reveals a huge GHG reduction under the DSM. Moreover, the cost required to implement MIT is estimated to be 3.4 US $/tonne of carbon dioxide-equivalent, less than the REF.

scholarly journals A GIS-Based Approach to Estimate Electricity Requirements for Small-Scale Groundwater Irrigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
Anna Nilsson ◽  
Dimitrios Mentis ◽  
Alexandros Korkovelos ◽  
Joel Otwani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Energy Services ◽  
Irrigation Demand ◽  
Groundwater Irrigation ◽  
Effective Manner

Access to modern energy services is a precondition to improving livelihoods and building resilience against climate change. Still, electricity reaches only about half of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), while about 40% live under the poverty line. Heavily reliant on the agriculture sector and increasingly affected by prolonged droughts, small-scale irrigation could be instrumental for development and climate change adaptation in SSA countries. A bottom-up understanding of the demand for irrigation and associated energy services is essential for designing viable energy supply options in an effective manner. Using Uganda as a case study, the study introduces a GIS-based methodology for the estimation of groundwater irrigation requirements through which energy demand is derived. Results are generated for two scenarios: (a) a reference scenario and (b) a drought scenario. The most critical need is observed in the northern and southern regions of the country. The total annual irrigation demand is estimated to be ca. 90 thousand m3, with the highest demand observed in the months of December through February, with an average irrigation demand of 445 mm per month. The highest energy demand is observed in the northern part of the study area in January, reaching 48 kWh/ha. The average energy demand increases by 67% in the drought scenario. The study contributes to current gaps in the existing literature by providing a replicable methodological framework and data aimed at facilitating energy system planning through the consideration of location-specific characteristics at the nexus of energy–water–agriculture.

Development of a Framework for the Assessment of Energy Demand-Based Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options for the Agriculture Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-796
Author(s):  
Marziyeh Bonyad ◽  
Hafiz Umar Shafique ◽  
Md. Alam Hossain Mondal ◽  
Veena Subramanyam ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Abatement Cost ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Mitigation Options ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Mitigation Scenarios

Abstract. This study assesses greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation options for the agriculture sector. The Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model was used to develop a framework to assess future trends in energy demand and associated GHG emissions for the agriculture sector and to assess various GHG mitigation options associated with energy consumption. A business-as-usual (reference) scenario and 32 GHG mitigation scenarios were developed for the years 2009-2050 using the LEAP model. A case study for Alberta, Canada, was conducted. In the model, GHG mitigation scenarios were developed for the energy demand side (e.g., farm machines, farm transportation, lighting, and ventilation) based on efficiency improvements and the use of renewable energy. The mitigation scenarios were divided into two planning horizons based on technology penetration: slow penetration (2009-2050) and fast penetration (2009-2030). For each planning horizon, 16 scenarios were assessed. Of all farm machines, efficient diesel tractors have the highest GHG mitigation potential: 12.35 MT of CO2 equivalent by 2050 and 4.7 MT of CO2 equivalent by 2030. In addition, GHG abatement cost curves show that biodiesel tractors and efficient diesel tractors have the highest GHG mitigation potential, with attractive abatement costs of -$62 and -$11 tonne-1 of CO2 mitigated by 2050, respectively. Keywords: Abatement cost, Agriculture sector, Energy efficiency, GHG mitigation, LEAP model.

scholarly journals Energy Performance Assessment of Innovative Building Solutions Coming from Construction and Demolition Waste Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1226
Author(s):  
Beatriz Fraga-De Cal ◽  
Antonio Garrido-Marijuan ◽  
Olaia Eguiarte ◽  
Beñat Arregi ◽  
Ander Romero-Amorrortu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Construction And Demolition Waste ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
The Impact

Prefabricated solutions incorporating thermal insulation are increasingly adopted as an energy conservation measure for building renovation. The InnoWEE European project developed three technologies from Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) materials through a manufacturing process that supports the circular economy strategy of the European Union. Two of them consisted of geopolymer panels incorporated into an External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) and a ventilated façade. This study evaluates their thermal performance by means of monitoring data from three pilot case studies in Greece, Italy, and Romania, and calibrated building simulation models enabling the reliable prediction of energy savings in different climates and use scenarios. Results showed a reduction in energy demand for all demo buildings, with annual energy savings up to 25% after placing the novel insulation solutions. However, savings are highly dependent on weather conditions since the panels affect cooling and heating loads differently. Finally, a parametric assessment is performed to assess the impact of insulation thickness through an energy performance prediction and a cash flow analysis.

scholarly journals A Computer Vision-Based Occupancy and Equipment Usage Detection Approach for Reducing Building Energy Demand

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Paige Wenbin Tien ◽  
Shuangyu Wei ◽  
John Calautit
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Hvac Systems ◽  
Equipment Usage

Because of extensive variations in occupancy patterns around office space environments and their use of electrical equipment, accurate occupants’ behaviour detection is valuable for reducing the building energy demand and carbon emissions. Using the collected occupancy information, building energy management system can automatically adjust the operation of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems to meet the actual demands in different conditioned spaces in real-time. Existing and commonly used ‘fixed’ schedules for HVAC systems are not sufficient and cannot adjust based on the dynamic changes in building environments. This study proposes a vision-based occupancy and equipment usage detection method based on deep learning for demand-driven control systems. A model based on region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) was developed, trained and deployed to a camera for real-time detection of occupancy activities and equipment usage. Experiments tests within a case study office room suggested an overall accuracy of 97.32% and 80.80%. In order to predict the energy savings that can be attained using the proposed approach, the case study building was simulated. The simulation results revealed that the heat gains could be over or under predicted when using static or fixed profiles. Based on the set conditions, the equipment and occupancy gains were 65.75% and 32.74% lower when using the deep learning approach. Overall, the study showed the capabilities of the proposed approach in detecting and recognising multiple occupants’ activities and equipment usage and providing an alternative to estimate the internal heat emissions.

scholarly journals Multi-Country Analysis on Energy Savings in Buildings by Means of a Micro-Solar Organic Rankine Cycle System: A Simulation Study

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Arteconi ◽  
Luca Del Zotto ◽  
Roberto Tascioni ◽  
Khamid Mahkamov ◽  
Chris Underwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Organic Rankine Cycle ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Rankine Cycle ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
The North

In this paper, the smart management of buildings energy use by means of an innovative renewable micro-cogeneration system is investigated. The system consists of a concentrated linear Fresnel reflectors solar field coupled with a phase change material thermal energy storage tank and a 2 kWe/18 kWth organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. The microsolar ORC was designed to supply both electricity and thermal energy demand to residential dwellings to reduce their primary energy use. In this analysis, the achievable energy and operational cost savings through the proposed plant with respect to traditional technologies (i.e., condensing boilers and electricity grid) were assessed by means of simulations. The influence of the climate and latitude of the installation was taken into account to assess the performance and the potential of such system across Europe and specifically in Spain, Italy, France, Germany, U.K., and Sweden. Results show that the proposed plant can satisfy about 80% of the overall energy demand of a 100 m2 dwelling in southern Europe, while the energy demand coverage drops to 34% in the worst scenario in northern Europe. The corresponding operational cost savings amount to 87% for a dwelling in the south and at 33% for one in the north.

scholarly journals Optimal Regulation of Pumping Station in Water Distribution Networks Using Constant and Variable Speed Pumps: A Technical and Economical Comparison

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Cimorelli ◽  
Carmine Covelli ◽  
Bruno Molino ◽  
Domenico Pianese
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Variable Speed Drives ◽  
Optimal Regulation ◽  
Energy Consuming

Greenhouse gas emission is one of the main environmental issues of today, and energy savings in all industries contribute to reducing energy demand, implying, in turn, less carbon emissions into the atmosphere. In this framework, water pumping systems are one of the most energy-consuming activities. The optimal regulation of pumping systems with the use of variable speed drives is gaining the attention of designers and managing authorities. However, optimal management and operation of pumping systems is often performed, employing variable speed drives without considering if the energy savings are enough to justify their purchasing and installation costs. In this paper, the authors compare two optimal pump scheduling techniques, optimal regulation of constant speed pumps by an optimal ON/OFF sequence and optimal regulation with a variable speed pump. Much of the attention is devoted to the analysis of the costs involved in a hypothetical managing authority for the water distribution system in order to determine whether the savings in operating costs is enough to justify the employment of variable speed drives.

scholarly journals Can We Regulate Our Way to Energy Efficiency? Product Standards as Climate Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah M. Sachs
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Carbon Taxes ◽  
Regulatory Approach

In this Article, I demonstrate that the regulatory strategy for energy efficiency is working. Although information disclosure, financial incentives, and other softer alternatives to regulation play a vital role in reducing energy demand, these should be viewed as complements to efficiency regulation, rather than replacements. The regulatory approach has led to substantial cost and energy savings in the past, it has enjoyed bipartisan political support, and it targets products and behaviors that are difficult to address through other policy tools. Given the politics of climate change in the United States, which make federal carbon taxes or a cap-and-trade system infeasible, the regulatory option should be expanded, not abandoned.

scholarly journals Intelligent Edge-based Recommender System for Internet of Energy Applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Nabeel Sayed ◽  
Faycal Bensaali ◽  
Yassine Himeur
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Recommender System ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Privacy Preservation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
End Users ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency

When investigating how people conserve energy, most researchers and decision-makers render a conceptual distinction between prevention (e.g. unplugging devices) and productivity measures. Nevertheless, such a two-dimensional approach is inefficient from both a conceptual and policy standpoint, since it ignores individual differences that influence energy-saving behavior. Preserving electricity in homes and buildings is a big concern, owing to a scarcity of energy resources and the escalation of current environmental issues. Furthermore, the COVID-19 social distancing policies have resulted in a temporary transition of energy demand from industrial and urban centers to residential areas, resulting in greater consumption and higher costs. In order to promote the sustainability and preservation of resources, the use of new technologies to increase energy efficiency in homes or buildings becomes increasingly necessary. Hence, the goal of the project is to provide consumers with evidence-based data on the costs and advantages of ICT-enabled energy conservation approaches, as well as clear, timely, and engaging information and assistance on how to realize the energy savings that are attainable, in order to boost user uptake and effectiveness of such techniques. End-users can visualize their consumption patterns as well as ambient environmental data using the Home-assistant user interface. More notably, explainable energy-saving recommendations are delivered to end-users in form of notifications via the mobile application to facilitate habit change. In this context, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt for developing and implementing an energy-saving recommender system on edge devices. Thus, ensuring better privacy preservation since data are processed locally on the edge, without the need to transmit them to remote servers, as is the case with cloudlet platforms.

Hydrogen Production From Waste and Renewable Resources

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-46
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Chaurasia ◽  
Prasenjit Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Solar Conversion

Increasing population and rapid urbanization lead to degradation of the natural environment while waste generation and energy crisis are major challenges in the most developing country. Hydrogen is considered one of the most promising energy carriers and capable to replace fossil fuels and meet the world's energy demand and concomitantly reduce toxic emissions. Currently, the world produces around 50 million tonnes/year from the process (i.e., electrolysis of water, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, and auto-thermal processes), but these processes are not sustainable and economical due to energy requirements and waste/pollutants generation. These challenges required growing interest in renewable energy resources such as hydrogen as an energy carrier. Hydrogen production from renewable sources attracted recent research attention because of its potential for sustainability and diversity. Hydrogen can be produced by various thermal, chemical, and biological technologies that include steam reforming, electrolysis, biomass conversion, solar conversion, and biological conversion.

A multi-temporal remote sensing approach for monitoring changes in spatial extent of freshwater lake of Deepor Beel Ramsar Site, a major wetland of Assam

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 40-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyotishman Deka ◽  
Om Prakash Tripathi ◽  
Mohammad Latif Khan
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Freshwater Lake ◽  
Landsat Tm ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Data Mapping ◽  
Wetland Ecosystem ◽  
Rapid Urbanization

Sustainability of wetland ecosystem is necessary for various important functions such as food storage, water quality continuation and providing habitat for different species of flora and fauna. Hence, an inventory of wetlands of any region is a pre-requisite for their conservation and management. This study has been carried out to delineate the change in freshwater lake of ‘Deepor Beel’ wetland of Assam, India, using LANDSAT TM data. Field observation shows that the ecosystem is facing both natural as well as anthropogenic threats. Rapid urbanization, Illegal settlements, industries, invasive species (Eichhornia crassipes) are the major cause of this wetland decline. It has been found that massive decline occurred between the period 1991 to 2001 i.e., 1.891 sq.km which was at the rate of -0.171 per year where as the decline between the period 2001 to 2010 was found to be 1.013 sq. km which was at a rate of -0.101. The total area of open water bodies has decreased by 2.904 sq. km from 1991 to 2010 i.e. 59.19%. Thus the overall rate of change in the water bodies from 1991 to 2010 to other land use categories was found to be -0.145. Hence the study reveals the potentiality of Landsat TM data mapping the change in the wetland ecosystem. It is further hoped that the study will have high utility in preparing management plan for conservation of this ecosystem. Keywords: Wetland; Landsat TM; Thresholding; density sliceDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v5i0.4696 J Wet Eco 2011 (5): 40-47

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