scholarly journals Upland Livelihoods between Local Land and Global Labour Market Dependencies: Evidence from Northern Chin State, Myanmar

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Kmoch ◽  
Matilda Palm ◽  
U. Persson ◽  
Martin Rudbeck Jepsen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Agrarian Change ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Climate Risks ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Upland South

Livelihoods and agrarian change processes across upland South-East Asia have been explored for decades. Yet, knowledge gaps remain about contemporary livelihood strategies and land dependence in areas previously inaccessible to academic research, such as in upland Myanmar. Moreover, new strands of inquiry arise with continued globalisation, e.g., into the effects of remittances and labour migration on household incomes and livelihoods in distant upland areas. This study applied clustering techniques to income accounts of 94 households from northern Chin State, Myanmar to: (i) Identify households’ livelihood strategies; (ii) assess their dependence on access to land and natural resources; and (iii) compare absolute and relative incomes across strategies. We show that households engaged in six relatively distinct livelihood strategies: Relying primarily on own farming activities; making a living off the land with mixed income from agriculture and forest resources; engaging in wage employment; living from remittances; practicing non-forest tree husbandry; or engaging in self-employed business activities. We found significant income inequalities across clusters, with households engaging in remittance and wage-oriented livelihood strategies realizing higher incomes than those primarily involved in land-based activities. Our findings point to differentiated vulnerabilities associated with the identified livelihood strategies—to climate risks, shifting land-governance regimes and labour market forces.

Impact of MGNREGA on a Tightened Labour Market

Social Change ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 552-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Alha
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
Rural Employment ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Production Relations ◽  
Employment Guarantee ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exclusive Category

The study discusses the impact of the implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on an already tightened rural labour market through a field survey conducted in two villages of Rajasthan. The article argues that the impact of the programme in a constricted rural labour market has been marginal because of a low off-take of work because of already developed alternate livelihood strategies which reduced the incentive to work in this programme. Nevertheless, the scheme has been instrumental in two ways: first, it led to the withdrawal of lower caste women from agricultural work which signifies an escape from the exploitative production relations in the two villages under study; and second, it has resulted in the formation of an exclusive category of MGNREGA workers consisting of female workers from the middle castes who were previously were not participating in paid labour.

Lifting the blinkers: a new view of power, diversity and poverty in Mozambican rural labour markets

2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cramer ◽  
Carlos Oya ◽  
John Sender
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Market Survey ◽  
Quantitative Survey ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Wage Employment

ABSTRACTThis paper presents some results from the largest rural labour market survey yet conducted in Mozambique. Evidence from three provinces shows that labour markets have a significant impact on the lives of a large number of poor people, and that employers exercise considerable discretion in setting wages and conditions of casual, seasonal and permanent wage employment. The evidence presented comes from a combination of a quantitative survey based on purposive sampling with other techniques, including interviews with large farmers. The findings contrast with ideas that rural labour markets are of limited relevance to poverty reduction policy formulation in Africa, and the paper concludes with methodological, analytical and policy recommendations.

scholarly journals ‘Good’ Bad Jobs? The Evolution of Migrant Low-Wage Employment in Germany (1985–2015)

2020 ◽  
pp. 095001702094656
Author(s):  
Torben Krings
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Segmentation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Labour Market Segmentation ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Low Pay ◽  
Over Time

The article examines the evolution of migrant low-wage employment in the context of structural changes in the German labour market. By drawing on data from the Socio-Economic-Panel, it seeks to answer why low-wage jobs disproportionally rose among migrants since the late 1980s. It argues that while human capital characteristics mattered to some extent, institutional and organisational changes were more important to account for worsening earnings. When linking the findings to the broader debate about migration and labour market segmentation, several issues emerge. First, the extent of low-wage jobs is not fixed but shaped by historically specific segmentation patterns that may change over time. Second, whether less-skilled jobs are precarious and of low pay depend above all on the presence of inclusive labour market institutions and power relations between actors. Third, the growth of low-wage jobs cannot be considered independent of the available labour supply, including a rise in cross-border mobility.

Externalities and labour market linkages in a dynamic two-sector model of tropical agriculture

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERALD E. SHIVELY
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Agricultural Watershed ◽  
Sector Model ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Market Linkages ◽  
Wage Employment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Point Of Departure

This paper examines environmental and labour market linkages between two agricultural systems-one upstream and another downstream. Using data from the Philippine province of Palawan as a point of departure, the paper develops a dynamic, two-sector model of an agricultural watershed to study the evolution and impact of an erosion externality. Attention focuses on the interplay between erosion generated by the extensive upstream sector and labour productivity in a labour-intensive downstream sector. A key feature of the model is that labour productivity and labour demand downstream are influenced by the externality generated upstream. Production of the externality, in turn, is influenced by wage employment opportunities downstream. Time paths of equilibrium wages are derived. A simulation is used to study the impact of environmental payments to upland households in exchange for allocating labour away from the externality-producing activity. The analysis shows how natural processes and economic interactions between two groups influence the benefits of agricultural intensification.

Immigrazione e seconde generazioni: un primo quadro di riferimento

2009 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Michele Bertani
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
The Media ◽  
Italian Context

- The article analyzes contemporary migration processes, by focusing on the so-called ‘second generation' in Europe and Italy. After a brief description of the different meanings attached to this definition, the article highlights some of the peculiar aspects of the Italian context and analyzes them. Italy has experienced immigration only recently in comparison to other European countries. In addition, in this country immigration is often discussed by politicians and the media as a process related only with the labour market. This makes it interesting to define some preliminary indicators and trends in relation to the presence of migrants' children in Italy. Through the analysis of statistical data and academic research, this article studies migration projects through the perspective of the ‘second generation', to show this can provide an appropriate lens to understand migration trajectories in their full complexity. Additionally, this article encourages researchers to consider migration from this perspective, as it will be part of a long-term process which may be viewed, from an analytical perspective, as a trajectory, or rather as a multiplicity of potential trajectories. Keywords: Immigration, Second Generation, Immigration in Italy, Multiculturalism, Education.

Defining Labour Market Areas by Analysing Commuting Data

2010 ◽  
pp. 227-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Boundary Definition ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Statistical Criteria ◽  
Key Innovations

This chapter draws on research undertaken in revising a set of functional regions known as Travel-to-Work Areas (TTWAs) which are the only official statistical areas in the UK defined by academics. The objective of the research is to define the maximum possible number of separate TTWAs that satisfy appropriate statistical criteria that ensure the areas meet guiding principles for labour market area boundary definition. Thus, the research is an example of a functional regionalisation which is highly constrained by the purpose to which the resulting boundaries will be put. The chapter briefly reviews previous TTWA definition methods, setting this in the context of the very limited academic research on regionalisation methods. The production of the 2001 Census commuting data provided opportunities for defining new labour market areas and the chapter explains how the TTWA research has responded with several key innovations. The empirical component of the chapter then illustrates the effect of these innovations by presenting a new visualisation of the workings of the definition method and also some analysis of the sensitivity of the results to changes in the method. Finally, there is a very brief look at some possible ways in which this field of research could be extended.

Migrants, Welfare Systems and Social Citizenship in Ireland and Britain: Users or Abusers?

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
OWEN CORRIGAN
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Welfare System ◽  
Social Citizenship ◽  
Distinct Component ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Welfare Systems ◽  
Political Spectrum

AbstractPublic discourse on migrant interactions with state welfare systems has often assumed exploitative motivations on the part of migrants, with charges of welfare tourism a recurring theme among segments of the political spectrum. Academic research has also tended to characterise migrant welfare utilisation in simple dichotomous terms where migrants are either ‘welfare dependent’ or not. This article argues for the analytic utility of disaggregating the concept of welfare utilisation into distinct component parts, denoting usage, participation and dependency with regard to state-provided cash welfare benefits. Using EU survey data, these distinct components of welfare utilisation among migrants are assessed in comparative cross-national context, comparing welfare and labour market outcomes for similar cohorts of migrants faced with dissimilar incentive structures. The results have direct implications for policy-makers, and for migrant experiences of social citizenship, in so far as they show little support for the moral hazard view of migrant interactions with welfare systems. Migrants in Ireland's relatively more generous welfare system are seen to have no greater likelihood of welfare dependency, and in fact show a lower usage of welfare (as a proportion of total income) than similar migrants in Britain, controlling for characteristics. Intriguingly, however, the likelihood of forming a partial labour market attachment is seen to respond to increasing levels of welfare usage in Ireland, but not in Britain, suggesting that migrants may be taking an active role in how they define their position in the work-welfare nexus in response to welfare system incentives.

scholarly journals Dualisation versus targeting? Public transfers and poverty risks among the unemployed in Germany and Great Britain

2020 ◽  
pp. 000169932097474
Author(s):  
Jan Brülle
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Unemployed

The paper analyses changes in the generosity of public transfers to the unemployed and their effectiveness for the alleviation of poverty risks in Germany and Great Britain between the 1990s and the 2000s. In the light of changing poverty risks among the unemployed, the contribution of policy changes is assessed using individual-level data on household incomes. The results indicate that the introduction and expansion of the tax credit programmes in Britain led to an increase of public transfers especially for those with low household market incomes and thereby also improved the effectiveness of transfers in combating poverty. In Germany, the generosity of transfers to the unemployed hardly changed over time, whereas the effectiveness of transfers to prevent households from falling into poverty declined. This can be explained by changes in the composition of the unemployed by recent labour force participation and household market incomes. As former labour market insiders are consistently better protected from poverty than former outsiders, the results confirm the stratified nature of unemployment protection in Germany, albeit no significant trend towards increasing dualisation in public benefits is found. Thus, the results do not support notions of a fundamental shift of the system of unemployment protection with respect to the generosity of transfers in Germany but emphasise the importance of changes in the German labour market.

scholarly journals The labour market in the context of the growth of globalization processes: evidence from Ukraine and countries of the European Union

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 06009
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Chatchenko ◽  
Yurii O. Miriasov ◽  
Irina A. Davidova ◽  
Vistoriia V. Mykytas
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Household Incomes

The labour market is a special market of means of production, which requires special attention, since the subject of exchange is the ability of people to work, skills and knowledge of a person. The welfare of the population, its purchasing power, level of income and, in the end, the standard of living depends on the efficiency of the exchange at the market. The issue of unemployment is one of the key issues in the state regulation of the labor market, which causes a decrease in household incomes and the general population, a decrease in the welfare of the nation and in general the gross domestic product. Scientists distinguish several types of unemployment on various grounds: reasons, structure and period, etc. But one of the topical problems of the present, with a tendency towards rising retirement age, observed in both developed and developing countries, is youth unemployment. That entails a set of problems: the inadequacy of education with the current requirements of the labour market, the lack of vacancies, and the increase of retirement age employees delays the term of retirement, thus not freeing jobs, etc.

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