scholarly journals First Digit Oscillations

Stats ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-601
Author(s):  
Don Lemons ◽  
Nathan Lemons ◽  
William Peter
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Exponential Probability

The frequency of the first digits of numbers drawn from an exponential probability density oscillate around the Benford frequencies. Analysis, simulations and empirical evidence show that datasets must have at least 10,000 entries for these oscillations to emerge from finite-sample noise. Anecdotal evidence from population data is provided.

Recovering Risk Neutral Densities from Option Prices: A New Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas S. Rompolis ◽  
Elias Tzavalis
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density Function ◽  
Probability Density ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Neutral Density ◽  
Option Prices ◽  
Exponential Form ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Risk Neutral ◽  
Risk Neutral Probabilities ◽  
Risk Neutral Density

AbstractIn this paper we present a new method of approximating the risk neutral density (RND) from option prices based on the C-type Gram-Charlier series expansion (GCSE) of a probability density function. The exponential form of this type of GCSE guarantees that it will always give positive values of the risk neutral probabilities, and it can allow for stronger deviations from normality, which are two drawbacks of the A-type GCSE used in practice. To evaluate the performance of the suggested expansion of the RND, the paper presents simulation and empirical evidence.

Expense Misreporting in Nonprofit Organizations

2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjani Krishnan ◽  
Michelle H. Yetman ◽  
Robert J. Yetman
Keyword(s):  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Managerial Incentives ◽  
Managerial Compensation ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Financial Reports

We examine whether nonprofit organizations understate fundraising expenses in their publicly available financial statements. A large body of anecdotal evidence notes that an inexplicable number of nonprofits report zero fundraising expenses. We provide empirical evidence that the zero fundraising expense phenomenon is at least partly due to inappropriate reporting. We then examine to what extent these misreported expenses are the result of managerial incentives. Prior research finds an association between reported expenses and managerial compensation as well as the level of donations received. Using these findings we construct two incentive variables and find a positive association between misreporting behavior and managerial incentives. Our results also suggest that the use of an outside accountant reduces the probability that a nonprofit will misreport expenses, consistent with the use of an outside paid accountant increasing the reliability and usefulness of nonprofit financial reports. Finally, we find that SOP 98-2 reduced the probability that a nonprofit will misreport fundraising expenses.

scholarly journals Spatial Distribution and Dynamics of Events Registered by Lithuanian Police in 2015–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giedrė Beconytė ◽  
Darius Vasiliauskas ◽  
Michael Govorov
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Information Portal ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Public Nuisance ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The article presents the preliminary results of spatio-temporal analysis of the events registered by Lithuanian police in 2015–2019. Such analyses contribute to understanding of crime as a socially and spatially bound phenomenon. Distribution of crime is complex, inhomogeneous and depends on various characteristics of locations. Of all 3.48 million of events registered in the five-year period, five groups were selected for analysis: crime of violence, thefts, destruction of or damage to property, drug-related crime and public nuisance, presuming that these five groups best represent the crime situation in the country. The total amount of analysed records was 1.69 million. Point events have been aggregated into hexagonal cells 25 square kilometer each, covering the entire territory of the country. The crime rate was calculated based on the population data for each cell. Appropriate methods for the temporal and probability density analysis of crime were selected and applied to the cells, yielding relative crime probability density maps for all events and, separately, for open space events. The density information was complemented by the cells with a stable significant growth of the crime rate for five years. Thus the most problematic areas are clearly seen and can be further analysed in detail. The multi-scale lattice maps for each of the five groups of crime have been designed and made publicly available at the Lithuanian spatial information portal geoportal.lt where they can be laid over various available geospatial data and used for spatial insights.

Price management in nonprofit hospitals

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-80
Author(s):  
Rabih Zeidan ◽  
Saleha Khumawala
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Charity Care ◽  
Uninsured Patients ◽  
Nonprofit Hospitals ◽  
Price Increases ◽  
Price Management ◽  
Care Requirements

This study examines whether nonprofit hospitals (NPHs) use price increases to overstate reported charity care spending. Anecdotal evidence points to hospitals raising prices to maximize Medicare's supplemental reimbursement and to maximize collection from self-pay and uninsured patients. This study provides empirical evidence that NPHs raise prices in part to satisfy the state's charity care requirements and to substitute real care with price-valued charity care. The ratio of charges to costs (RCC), price standardized by cost - a measure for comparing revenues generated to estimate costs allocations, is used to test the association between price increases and charity care reporting by NPHs. We hypothesize and find evidence that NPHs facing financial and political pressures in addition to charity care regulations are more likely to report a higher value of charity care.

Religious congregations in disaster response

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 532
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Bundy, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Precautionary Action ◽  
Distinct Role

Knowledge of whether or not religious congregations are indeed involved in disaster response and—if involved—in what tasks and activities they are engaged is important for the planning and management of disaster response. Although limited in generalizability of findings based on methodologies used, a review of the academic literature demonstrates a fairly clear role for religious congregations in disaster recovery activities but does not delineate a distinct role for congregations in response functions. However, anecdotal evidence and limited empirical evidence exists that suggests that religious congregations might and could play a role in preimpact response activities, including warning, precautionary action, and evacuation, as well as in postimpact response activities associated with providing for the welfare of survivors. The research literature also provides predictors of congregational involvement, as well as a number of barriers and limitations to involvement. This involvement—or lack thereof—has implications for both the discipline and practice of emergency management.

scholarly journals The glories of immigration: How soccer wins shape opinion on immigration

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Lago ◽  
Carlos Lago-Peñas
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigrants ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

Abstract While there is a great deal of anecdotal evidence on the impact of soccer wins on attitudes toward immigrants and immigration, there is relatively little hard empirical evidence. It is expected that soccer stimulates more positive attitudes towards immigrants when it highlights immigration benefits rather than costs and increases exposure to famous members of an out-group. Individual-level data from the eight rounds of the European Social Survey (2002–16) in Spain and aggregate data from the Spanish professional soccer league, La Liga, were used to test the hypothesis that the more foreign players in the team of the club winning the corresponding season of Spain’s La Liga, the more favourable the views of immigrants in the club’s region in that year. The empirical evidence from linear and ordinal regression using different measures of opinions on immigration shows that soccer can affect attitudes toward immigrants and immigration.

The Added Value of E-Procurement for Buyer-Supplier Interaction

2011 ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilco van Duinkerken ◽  
Ronald Batenburg ◽  
Johan Versendaal
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence

Although there are many possible benefits anecdotal evidence shows that many initiatives and IT-implementations in the procurement domain do not deliver the suspected benefits, see for example Adamson (2001) and Pan, Pan, and Flynn (2004). This paper searches an answer, based on empirical evidence, to the question: “Does the implementation of e-procurement (IT for procurement) positively affect the performance of buyer-supplier interaction?”

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document