scholarly journals The Joint Effect of International and Domestic-Level State Capacity on Civil War Risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Zorzeta Bakaki
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
The Government ◽  
Security Guarantees ◽  
Domestic Level

This article examines the role of international and domestic-level factors for strengthening states’ capacity. State failure enhances insecurity, since there is not sufficient agency or institutions to provide adequate security guarantees and to put into operation established rules. When the government is unable to address grievances stemming from such insecurity, armed conflict becomes more likely. Links with external institutions and domestic-level capacity that increases prosperity prevent insurgencies and promote stability, however. To this end, this research develops a new theory linking state capacity and the international and domestic-level factors to internal conflict. Empirically, this study examines the risk of civil conflict onset, focusing on the combined effect of international (political globalisation) and domestic-level (GDP per capita) state capacity as the main driving force. The results show that the joint effect of these factors has a negative impact on civil war risk, which is significantly and substantially important.

scholarly journals YEMENI CIVIL WAR: CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES AND PROSPECTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-91
Author(s):  
Niaz Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Arab Country ◽  
Political Transition ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Humanitarian Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Socialist Movement

Yemeni conflict reflects the failure of the Yemeni government to address the common needs to its citizen, the uprising of politically marginalized Houthis and the corrupt state, which bring the country into civil war. This article is an attempt to know the causes, consequences, and the role of foreign powers and also the entire situation of Yemeni civil war. Yemen is the poorest Arab country in the world. Due to the effect of the Arab Socialist Movement, Yemen’s Imamate ruling system disintegrated in 1970 and the country divided into two nations, North Yemen and South Yemen. Again in 1990 under the leadership of Ali Abdullah Saleh, both have been united into one nation. The corrupt rule of government, the unhealthy treatment of Houthi minority and the internal conflict made the country more unstable. Political transition happed in 2011 for the stabilization of the country, but it fails to bring peace and finally in 2015 Yemen faces a devastating civil war. Different attempts have been taken by the international community for normalizing the conflict, but all fail to bring peace. The country is suffering the worst humanitarian crisis. Saudi Arabia and Iran is the main player in the conflict. This qualitative study will try to highlight the different scenario of Yemen and also provide an overview of the civil conflict. Keywords: Yemen, Houthis, Civil War, Humanitarian Crisis

Gender Inequality and Internal Conflict

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Forsberg ◽  
Louise Olsson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Role Of Women

Prior research has found robust support for a relationship between gender inequality and civil war. These results all point in the same direction; countries that display lower levels of gender equality are more likely to become involved in civil conflict, and violence is likely to be even more severe, than in countries where women have a higher status. But what does gender inequality mean in this area of research? And how does research explain why we see this effect on civil war? To explore this, we start with reviewing existing definitions and measurements of gender inequality, noting that the concept has several dimensions. We then proceed to outline several clusters of explanations of how gender inequality could be related to civil war while more equal societies are better able to prevent violent conflict, as described in previous research. It is clear that existing misconceptions that gender inequality primarily involves the role of women are clouding the fact that it clearly speaks to much broader societal developments which play central roles in civil war. We conclude by identifying some remaining lacunas and directions for future research.

Civil Conflict and Development

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Håvard Hegre
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between civil conflict and development. After outlining definitions of conflict and development, it considers a number of explanations of why they are empirically related. The extent to which conflict, such as civil war, is due to development is discussed, along with how conflict affects development. The article then describes the routes through which conflict reduces development, namely destruction, disruption, diversion, and dis-saving. It also considers why development reduces the risk of conflict, paying particular attention to poverty as motivation for conflict, opportunities for violence entrepreneurs, poor state capacity, decreased lootability in diversified economies, higher costs to violence in densely interacting societies, indirect effect through political institutions, and education and the cognitive ability to maintain peaceful relations. The article concludes by assessing future prospects for the conflict–development linkage, as well as the role of development in reducing incidences of armed conflict worldwide.

Diálogos militares by Diego García de Palacio: The first American work on the law of nations

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (290) ◽  
pp. 446-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Valencia Villa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
The United States ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Law Of Nations ◽  
Simon Bolivar ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government

Over the years the Americas have made significant contributions to the development of international humanitarian law. These include three nineteenth-century texts which constitute the earliest modern foundations of the law of armed conflict. The first is a treaty, signed on 26 November 1820 by the liberator Simón Bolívar and the peacemaker Pablo Morillo, which applied the rules of international conflict to a civil war. The second is a Spanish-American work entitled Principios de Derecho de Genres (Principles of the Law of Nations), which was published in 1832 by Andrés Bello. This work dealt systematically with the various aspects and consequences of war. The third is a legal instrument, signed on 24 April 1863 by United States President Abraham Lincoln, which codified the first body of law on internal conflict under the heading “Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field” (General Orders No. 100). This instrument, known as the Lieber Code, was adopted as the new code of conduct for the armies of the Union during the American Civil War.

Analisis Dampak Toko Modern Terhadap Keberadaan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Menengah Di Kota Padangsidimpuan

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Rahmat Kurniawan ◽  
Azhar Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
City Government ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Role Of The Government

This research is to find out the perceptions of micro, small and medium enterprises to modern stores, MSME partnerships with modern stores, constraints, and the role of the government in overcoming the problems of modern shops and MSMEs in Padangsidimpuan City. This research is a descriptive qualitative study by conducting in-depth interviews. The results showed the perception of MSMEs towards modern stores had a negative and positive impact. The negative impact, the income of MSMEs has decreased. The positive impact, the presence of modern stores motivates MSMEs to evaluate themselves from modern stores. The partnership established by MSMEs with modern stores is the use of business locations provided by modern stores. The constraints of MSMEs are business capital, human resources, business legality, business permits and products, while the constraints of modern stores are business permits, human resources and partnerships with MSMEs. The role of the City Government of Padangsidimpuan is for modern stores, namely to give an appeal not to add to modern store outlets and to call for partnerships in terms of marketing local MSME products. For MSMEs, facilitate MSMEs with banking institutions in terms of providing venture capital, training and guidance to MSMEs, and making packaging houses.

Studying Desertion in the spanish Civil War

Desertion ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Théodore McLauchlin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Armed Group ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Characteristics

This chapter develops the account of desertion primarily in the context of the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, which clarifies the role of several variables through Spain. It looks at many different organizations on both the rebel side and the Republican side in order to examine the impact of different armed group characteristics on desertion. It uses the Spain case study to understand desertion dynamics in a particularly fascinating civil conflict. The chapter focuses on the Republican side, analyzing the dynamics of its relatively high rate of desertion at various points in the conflict. It demonstrates norms of cooperation and coercion at the micro level to statistically assess individual soldiers' decisions to fight or to flee.

How State Presence Leads to Civil Conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 002200272095706
Author(s):  
Luwei Ying
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Power ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Local Leaders

Political scientists and policy-makers have long argued that state weakness leads to civil conflict while enhancing state power helps prevent violence. Why, then, has increased state capacity worldwide recently coincided with more civil conflicts? This study argues that enhanced state presence at the sub-national level—a symptom of growing state capacity—may induce violent resistance from the established non-state powers such as local leaders and communities in the short term. Empirically, I conduct two analyses, one at the province level and the other at the ethnic group level. To measure state presence, I use accuracy of census data in the first analysis and global ground transportation data in the second analysis. Results demonstrate that increased state presence triggers civil conflict, particularly in the first five years of such increasing state presence, and this effect is stronger in remote and ethnically heterogeneous regions. Evidence also suggests that ethnic groups settled in peripheral regions are prominent resisters to state penetration. This paper thus expands prior understanding of the role of state power in civil conflicts.

Civil Wars, Scientific Study of

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idean Salehyan ◽  
Clayton L. Thyne
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Conflict Duration ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
The Government ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
External Actors

Civil war is an armed conflict between the state and another organized domestic party over a contested political incompatibility, which results in a number of casualties exceeding a certain threshold for both parties. Attempts to operationalize these criteria have produced many data sets, which conceptualize civil war as distinct from one-sided violence, organized crime, and communal fighting. Civil wars are devastating for states experiencing them, their neighbors, and the entire global community. Combatant and civilian deaths, rape, massive refugee flight, negative impacts on economy and infrastructure, spread of infectious diseases, global spread of illegal narcotics, and the promotion of terrorism are all consequences of civil wars. Theories explaining why civil wars occur focus on objectives of the rebels, ability of rebels to successfully challenge the government, influence of external actors on interactions between the government and the opposition, external financing of potential rebel groups, and impact of a state’s neighbors on the likelihood of civil conflict or how neighboring conflicts and refugee communities serve as breeding grounds for cross-border rebel movements. Conflicts persist until neither side believes that it can achieve unilateral victory and continued fighting is costly. Governments are more likely to win early when they have large armies, but time to government victory increases when they are faced with secessionist rebels and when external parties are involved. Meanwhile, external mediation diminishes informational and credible commitment problems during bargaining and reduces conflict duration. Promising directions for future research on civil war include geographic disaggregation, survey research, and computational/agent-based modeling.

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pekerja Akibat Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-547
Author(s):  
Eggy Septyadi Silaban ◽  
Desak Geded Dwi Arini ◽  
Luh Putu Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Legal Writing ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

Currently, any part of the world is facing a virus called Covid-19. Since the emergence of this case, all access has been hampered, especially in the economic field. Increasing unemployment is one of the current problems, for that we need a legal protection to ensure life for workers during this pandemic. The purpose of this study to analyze. Arrangements for termination of employment for workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as legal protection for workers due to termination of employment due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research is a type of normative legal writing with a conceptual approach and legislation. Sources of data used in the form of secondary and primary data sources. Data collection techniques by classifying primary legal materials with secondary legal materials as research support. The analysis of legal materials obtained by qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that Termination of Employment has a negative impact on workers because they lose their jobs so that it also has an impact on increasing the poverty level of the Indonesian people. Because the emergence of PSBB regulations from the government of course makes the space for work narrower and layoffs are increasingly prevalent, therefore the regulation of Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and also the role of the government is very important to overcome the occurrence of layoffs that are not in accordance with the laws and regulations. The legal protection is divided into 2 things, namely preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection.

Analisis Dampak Toko Modern Terhadap Keberadaan Usaha Mikro, Kecil, Menengah Di Kota Padangsidimpuan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Rahmat Kurniawan ◽  
Azhar Azhar
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
City Government ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Role Of The Government

This research is to find out the perceptions of micro, small and medium enterprises to modern stores, MSME partnerships with modern stores, constraints, and the role of the government in overcoming the problems of modern shops and MSMEs in Padangsidimpuan City. This research is a descriptive qualitative study by conducting in-depth interviews. The results showed the perception of MSMEs towards modern stores had a negative and positive impact. The negative impact, the income of MSMEs has decreased. The positive impact, the presence of modern stores motivates MSMEs to evaluate themselves from modern stores. The partnership established by MSMEs with modern stores is the use of business locations provided by modern stores. The constraints of MSMEs are business capital, human resources, business legality, business permits and products, while the constraints of modern stores are business permits, human resources and partnerships with MSMEs. The role of the City Government of Padangsidimpuan is for modern stores, namely to give an appeal not to add to modern store outlets and to call for partnerships in terms of marketing local MSME products. For MSMEs, facilitate MSMEs with banking institutions in terms of providing venture capital, training and guidance to MSMEs, and making packaging houses.

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