scholarly journals The Profitability of Residential Photovoltaic Systems. A New Scheme of Subsidies Based on the Price of CO2 in a Developed PV Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idiano D’Adamo
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Policy Proposal ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
A Value ◽  
Economic Method ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Function Of Two Variables

Photovoltaic (PV) resource drives the clean global economy of the future. Its sustainability is widely confirmed in literature, however some countries present a growth very low in the last years. A new policy proposal is examined in this work. It aims to stimulate a new diffusion of PV plants in mature markets (e.g., Italy) regarding residential consumers. The subsidy is given to the amount of energy produced by PV plant for a period of 20 years (equal to its lifetime) and its value is calculated according to the scheme of European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) is used as economic method and two indexes are proposed: Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT). The baseline case studies vary in function of two variables; (i) the share of self-consumption (30%, 40% and 50%) and (ii) the price of emissions avoided (10, 35 and 70 € per ton of CO2eq). Results confirms the environmental advantages of PV sources as alternative to the use of fossil fuels (685 gCO2eq/kWh) and economic opportunities are verified in several scenarios (from 48 €/kW to 1357 €/kW). In particular, the profitability of PV systems is greater with a subsidized rate of fiscal deduction of 50% in comparison to subsidies with a value of carbon dioxide lower than 18.50 €/tCO2eq.

Economic and Environmental Assessments of Two Installation Types of Photovoltaic Systems in Shanghai

2014 ◽  
Vol 672-674 ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
Xin Fang Wu ◽  
Yong Sheng Liu ◽  
Juan Xu ◽  
Xiao Dong Si ◽  
Wei Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Environmental Benefit ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Energy Payback ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Energy Payback Time ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Investment Subsidy ◽  
Electricity Tariff

This paper mainly analyses a BAPV system of 3kWp and a BIPV system of 10 kWp in Shanghai, China. Net present value (NPV) and the payback time (Pd) as the parameters to determine the profitability of the system based on some actual measured data. As there are two subsidy policies in China, including the initial investment subsidy and PV electricity tariff subsidy. The variations of NPV and Pdwith the initial investment subsidy and PV electricity tariff subsidy are researched. Analysis results indicate both the systems have a good economic benefit. Since the manufacturing, utilization and recycling periods of PV systems can lead to negative impacts on the environment. Environmental impacts by both the systems are also evaluated in this paper by the energy payback time (EPBT) and greenhouse-gas payback time (GPBT). Results show both the systems have a good environmental benefit, PV technology and PV system are sustainable.

scholarly journals Dataset for Assessing the Economic Performance of a Residential PV Plant: The Analysis of a New Policy Proposal

Data ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Idiano D’Adamo ◽  
Massimo Gastaldi ◽  
Piergiuseppe Morone
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Policy Proposal ◽  
Complex Decision ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Photovoltaic Plants

This data article aims at providing a data description about the manuscript entitled “The post COVID-19 green recovery in practice: assessing the profitability of a policy proposal on residential photovoltaic plants”. The definition of a business plan is a complex decision because the choice of the input data significantly influences the economic assessment of a project. An Excel file is used to construct an economic model based on the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methodology using Net Present Value (NPV) as an indicator. The choice of input data is defined by literature analysis, and policy proposals are identified by the Revival Decree adopted by Italian Government to contrast human and economic shock effected by COVID-19. The aggregation of these data enabled us to obtain both baseline and alternative scenarios to define if the realization of a residential photovoltaic (PV) plant is economically feasible. Similar data can be obtained for other countries according to the policy actions adopted, and this work can be easily replicated in different geographical contexts and considering varying categories of stakeholders (e.g., consumers, which are called upon to implement a green transition).

A tes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IJE Manager
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
A Site ◽  
Selection Methodology

In the past century, fossil fuels have dominated energy supply in Indonesia. However, concerns over emissions are likely to change the future energy supply. As people become more conscious of environmental issues, alternatives for energy are sought to reduce the environmental impacts. These include renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, most RE sources like solar PV are not available continuously since they depend on weather conditions, in addition to geographical location. Bali has a stable and long sunny day with 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and an average insolation of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day. This study looks at the potential for on-grid solar PV to decarbonize energy in Bali. A site selection methodology using GIS is applied to measure solar PV potential. Firstly, the study investigates the boundaries related to environmental acceptability and economic objectives for land use in Bali. Secondly, the potential of solar energy is estimated by defining the suitable areas, given the technical assumptions of solar PV. Finally, the study extends the analysis to calculate the reduction in emissions when the calculated potential is installed. Some technical factors, such as tilting solar, and intermittency throughout the day, are outside the scope of this study. Based on this model, Bali has an annual electricity potential for 32-53 TWh from solar PV using amorphous thin-film silicon as the cheapest option. This potential amount to three times the electricity supply for the island in 2024 which is estimated at 10 TWh. Bali has an excessive potential to support its own electricity demand with renewables, however, some limitations exist with some trade-offs to realize the idea. These results aim to build a developmental vision of solar PV systems in Bali based on available land and the region’s irradiation.

AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF NET PRESENT VALUE AND EQUIVALENT ANNUAL COST

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Jones ◽  
David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow

Net present value and equivalent annual cost are two discounted cash flow criteria for comparing investment proposals. Why have accountants taken to net present value? Why do engineers readily use equivalent annual cost? This paper investigates the historical development of these principles to provide an explanation of why this is so.

scholarly journals Post COVID-19 Recovery and 2050 Climate Change Targets: Changing the Emphasis from Promotion of Renewables to Mandated Curtailment of Fossil Fuels in the EU Policies

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Kyriakos Maniatis ◽  
David Chiaramonti ◽  
Eric van den Heuvel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
The European Union

The present work considers the dramatic changes the COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the global economy, with particular emphasis on energy. Focusing on the European Union, the article discusses the opportunities policy makers can implement to reduce the climate impacts and achieve the Paris Agreement 2050 targets. The analysis specifically looks at the fossil fuels industry and the future of the fossil sector post COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis first revises the fossil fuel sector, and then considers the need for a shift of the global climate change policy from promoting the deployment of renewable energy sources to curtailing the use of fossil fuels. This will be a change to the current global approach, from a relative passive one to a strategically dynamic and proactive one. Such a curtailment should be based on actual volumes of fossil fuels used and not on percentages. Finally, conclusions are preliminary applied to the European Union policies for net zero by 2050 based on a two-fold strategy: continuing and reinforcing the implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive to 2035, while adopting a new directive for fixed and over time increasing curtailment of fossils as of 2025 until 2050.

scholarly journals Performance Test of a Household Rocket Stoves Fired with Coconut Frond, Coconut Shell and Bamboo

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64
Author(s):  
Almuzakkir . ◽  
Muhammad . ◽  
Adi Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
A Value

Fuel is something that is very important in everyday life. Almost every human being needs fuel to meet their needs and support their activities, for example cooking in household needs. Currently, fossil fuels or fuel oil (BBM) are still widely used to meet demand, however, it should be noted that fossil fuels or fuel oil (BBM) are non-renewable natural resources. The biomass rocket stove is one of the modern stove innovations that uses biomass energy as the main energy source. Rocket stoves are designed to increase fuel efficiency with thermal efficiency, a combination of the increased combustion efficiency and heat transfer associated with burning briquette fuel. The purpose of this research is to design and manufacture rocket stove fired with coconut and bamboo biomass for household needs as well as developing methods and equipment for performance testing of rocket stoves. In this study, several steps were carried out, including designing a rocket furnace, selecting biomass fuel and testing the performance of a rocket furnace. From the design of the biomass stove, it is noteworthy that the design with two holes makes the combustion air easily enters and makes combustion in the furnace more perfect and efficient. Water boiling test using three types of solid fuels with the cold start condition suggested that the highest thermal efficiency was coconut fronds with a value of 38% and the lowest thermal efficiency was found from coconut shell combustion, i.e. 22%. During hot start test, the highest thermal efficiency was obtained from coconut fronds firing with a value of 41%. Moreover, with simmer water boiling test method, firing the rocket stove with coconut fronds showed the highest thermal efficiency with a value of 37%. Keywords: Rocket Stoves, Coconut Fronds and Shells, Bamboo, Thermal Efficiency, .Water Boiling Tests.

scholarly journals Exploring e3-value ontology-based service engineering for participatory processes of community development projects

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ochieng' Dennis Miyogi
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Service System ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Requirements Specification ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Service Engineering ◽  
A Value ◽  
Participatory Processes

In recent years, the global economy has witnessed a steady transition from broad-based government development projects to community-driven participatory processes as a viable conduit for channeling development efforts. However, these participatory processes are being faced with intrinsic challenges of unsustainability, bureaucracy, funding constraints, conflicts amongst project actors, social capital problems, political power tussles, inadequate systems for tracking progress and lack of an integrated approach, which are precursors that impede the effectiveness of project implementation. Participatory processes have transformed from the use of conventional systems to applications of digital technologies in order to address these challenges. However, the existing digital technologies for participatory processes often lack a value-based approach. This inherent curb has been tackled in this study using the e3-value (value perspective) and e3-control (process perspective) ontology-based service engineering to orchestrate an innovative change in participatory processes. To realise this innovation, the proposed value-based service system was modelled on service innovation life cycle model that integrates service exploration, value co-creation, process modelling and system evaluation. Consequently, a value-based requirements specification has been constructed using a process-oriented approach, which represents a departure from the traditional functional approaches to offer leaner, flexible and market-oriented structures that guarantee better organisational performance. The requirements specification was implemented to realise a mobile cloud service system that allow seamless data sharing and facilitate participatory processes. The applicability of the service system was illustrated using an expert-driven and criteria-based usability evaluation. Consequently, the service system provides an adequate framework for communicating the understanding of services for participatory processes.

scholarly journals Economical assessment of an investment related to the establishment of a new farrowing place and pig-rearing building

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
Brigitta Zsótér ◽  
Ágnes Milojev
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Bank Credit ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Payback Time ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
The Given

In our research work we aimed at carrying out an economical assessment of an investment and development of substantial volume. The examined project was completed at a pig-farm during which a new farrowing place and pig rearing building were built, as well as the renovation of the existing pig-farm. All of them were financed partly from the firm’s own source, partly from a non-repayable aid granted by the state, and finally from a credit granted by a commercial bank. The term of the credit is 10 years and the return of the investment expected by the investors is 8%, so we carried out our calculations according to these data. We examined the three possible ways of financing the investment from the economical point of view, as a result we proposed three hypotheses. Our hypotheses are: Hypothesis 1 (Case „A”): The investment will be financially recovered within the examined period of 10 years if it is financed from the firm’s own source, the state grant and the bank credit. Hypothesis 2 (Case „B”): The investment can be economically completed within the given period of time if the project meets the costs from the firm’s own source and the credit. Hypothesis 3 (Case „C”): The investment will be economically accomplished within the examined 10 years provided the firm finances the project from their own source and the state grant. In our calculations we used the net present value (NPV), the internal rate of return (IRR), the payback time (PB), the discounted payback time (DPB) and the profitability index (PI) as economy indicators. We carried out our calculations regarding 10 years to be able to compare the results since the term of the granted credit is 10 years, too.  

Profitability, risk and cash flow deficit for beginning cow–calf producers

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos J.O. Trejo-Pech ◽  
Jared Bruhin ◽  
Christopher N. Boyer ◽  
S. Aaron Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Cow Calf

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to estimate the amount of cash flow deficit, if any, needed to maintain the operating costs and service debt of a startup cow–calf enterprise. The study compares long-term profitability and risk between starting small and building a herd to full carrying capacity or by starting at desired herd capacity.Design/methodology/approachA dynamic cattle growth model was developed to capture expanding and maintaining the desired herd size. Discounted cash flow (DCF) models over a 15-year period were calculated to estimate net present value (NPV), modified internal rate of return (MIRR) and cash flow deficit to keep the business operating and service debt. Simulation analyses were conducted considering price and production risk.FindingsStarting at the desired herd size was preferred, according to NPV/MIRR and cash flow deficit, but the differences were not substantial. Assuming the operation is liquidated at book values, there was a 36.3% probability of this enterprise having a zero or positive NPV. If the conservative terminal value assumption is relaxed up to feasible market values, the cow–calf enterprise is economically attractive at an estimated 2.4% opportunity cost of capital. However, the producer would experience a cash flow deficit during the first seven years, which was simulated to be $14,892 and $15,985 annual for both strategies.Originality/valueInnovative methods used in this study include varying the annual opportunity cost of capital as a function of financing decisions, stochastic prices by cattle type and stochastic weaning weights that are a function of a dynamic cattle model.

Energy and Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-206
Author(s):  
Kenneth P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Energy And Environment

This chapter examines the deep Texas-California divide over energy and environmental policies. The modern Texas economy was built on energy, and the state remains the nation’s leading producer. The state’s development of fracking has revolutionized the oil and gas industry and has helped the nation break its dependence on foreign oil. Texas has also increased its production of renewable energy, but believes the global economy will rely for the foreseeable future on fossil fuels and resists restrictions on these resources. California, by contrast, has become a global leader in the fight against climate change. It has aggressively regulated carbon emissions and mandated a massive switch to renewable energy sources. California is the only state that can impose emissions regulations more strict than federal standards. As power has shifted in Washington, California has alternated between translating its environmental policies into federal law and defending its policies from federal challenge.

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