scholarly journals Kin Ties and Market Integration in a Yucatec Mayan Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Joseph V. Hackman ◽  
Karen L. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Yucatec Maya ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Kin Support ◽  
The Face

The importance of kin relationships varies with socioecological demands. Among subsistence agriculturalists, people commonly manage fluctuations in food availability by relying on family members to share resources and pool labor. However, the process of market integration may disrupt these support networks, which may begin to carry costs or liabilities in novel market environments. The current study aims to address (1) how kin are distributed in household support networks (2) how kin support varies as households become more engaged in market activities, and (3) how variation in kin support is associated with income disparities within a Yucatec Maya community undergoing rapid market integration. Using long-term census data combined with social networks and detailed household economic data, we find that household support networks are primarily composed of related households. Second, households engaged predominantly in wage labor rely less on kin support than agricultural or mixed economy households. Finally, kin support is associated with lower household net income and income per capita. Understanding how kin support systems shift over the course of market integration and in the face of new opportunities for social and economic production provides a unique window into the social and economic drivers of human family formation.

scholarly journals Changing language input following market integration in a Yucatec Mayan community

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252926
Author(s):  
Cecilia Padilla-Iglesias ◽  
Amanda L. Woodward ◽  
Susan Goldin-Meadow ◽  
Laura A. Shneidman
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Yucatec Maya ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
The Face ◽  
Language Input

Like many indigenous populations worldwide, Yucatec Maya communities are rapidly undergoing change as they become more connected with urban centers and access to formal education, wage labour, and market goods became more accessible to their inhabitants. However, little is known about how these changes affect children’s language input. Here, we provide the first systematic assessment of the quantity, type, source, and language of the input received by 29 Yucatec Maya infants born six years apart in communities where increased contact with urban centres has resulted in a greater exposure to the dominant surrounding language, Spanish. Results show that infants from the second cohort received less directed input than infants in the first and, when directly addressed, most of their input was in Spanish. To investigate the mechanisms driving the observed patterns, we interviewed 126 adults from the communities. Against common assumptions, we showed that reductions in Mayan input did not simply result from speakers devaluing the Maya language. Instead, changes in input could be attributed to changes in childcare practices, as well as caregiver ethnotheories regarding the relative acquisition difficulty of each of the languages. Our study highlights the need for understanding the drivers of individual behaviour in the face of socio-demographic and economic changes as it is key for determining the fate of linguistic diversity.

The New Economic Populism and the Future of Inequality in the United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Franko ◽  
Christopher Witko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Labor Unions ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Income Disparities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over Time

The authors conclude the book by recapping their arguments and empirical results, and discussing the possibilities for the “new economic populism” to promote egalitarian economic outcomes in the face of continuing gridlock and the dominance of Washington, DC’s policymaking institutions by business and the wealthy, and a conservative Republican Party. Many states are actually addressing inequality now, and these policies are working. Admittedly, many states also continue to embrace the policies that have contributed to growing inequality, such as tax cuts for the wealthy or attempting to weaken labor unions. But as the public grows more concerned about inequality, the authors argue, policies that help to address these income disparities will become more popular, and policies that exacerbate inequality will become less so. Over time, if history is a guide, more egalitarian policies will spread across the states, and ultimately to the federal government.

Who Banishes? City Power and Anti-homeless Policy in San Francisco

2020 ◽  
pp. 107808742092590
Author(s):  
David J. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Public Records ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Economic Forces ◽  
The Face ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Business District

Despite cross-disciplinary attention to laws targeting homeless behavior in cities, systematic analysis of the power dynamics behind the adoption and implementation of such laws is surprisingly scarce. This article addresses that oversight by investigating the politics of anti-homeless policies in San Francisco, a critical and revealing case. Using a mixed-methods approach that joins qualitative analysis of public records with spatial and statistical analysis of precinct-level election results, census data, and geocoded police and 311 records, it evaluates previously unmeasured claims concerning the relative influence of social and economic forces in determining policy adoption and assesses whether enforcement patterns betray preferential treatment. Findings suggest that in the face of mobilized opposition, an anti-homeless regime composed of business and neighborhood merchants, elected officials, conservatives, and homeowners each contribute resources required to pass anti-homeless laws. Contrary to past claims, enforcement practices do not appear to privilege only the downtown business district.

scholarly journals Labor market integration of non-Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2011: Structure of global market or White privilege?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Tong ◽  
Wenyang Su ◽  
Eric Fong
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
White Privilege ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
The North ◽  
Dominant Society

Previous studies of Hong Kong immigrants have largely focused on those Chinese from the mainland, and less attention has been paid to non-Chinese immigrants. As exceptions to this, a few studies have focused on the channels of non-Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong, but less research has examined their labor market outcomes. This is partly because theories about immigrants in Asia’s global city are underdeveloped, and the traditional labor market assimilation theory based on the North American and European experience may not easily translate to the case of global cities in Asia. In this research, we examine the employment status, occupational rank, and earnings outcomes of Chinese and non-Chinese immigrants from the perspectives of global economic structure and White privilege. Using 5% Hong Kong census/by-census data from 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011, we draw two major conclusions. First, in the Hong Kong labor market, immigrants from more developed countries enjoy a labor market advantage, which demonstrates the advantages of core-nation origin. In contrast, their counterparts from peripheral nations are penalized. The labor market gap between immigrants from core nations and peripheral nations grew at the turn of the 21st century but narrowed in 2006. Second, White immigrants are privileged in the Hong Kong labor market, showing that White privilege has been transmitted to a non-White-dominant society.

scholarly journals Food sovereignty: an alternative paradigm for poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation in Latin America

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Jahi Chappell ◽  
Hannah Wittman ◽  
Christopher M Bacon ◽  
Bruce G Ferguson ◽  
Luis García Barrios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
The Face

Strong feedback between global biodiversity loss and persistent, extreme rural poverty are major challenges in the face of concurrent food, energy, and environmental crises. This paper examines the role of industrial agricultural intensification and market integration as exogenous socio-ecological drivers of biodiversity loss and poverty traps in Latin America. We then analyze the potential of a food sovereignty framework, based on protecting the viability of a diverse agroecological matrix while supporting rural livelihoods and global food production. We review several successful examples of this approach, including ecological land reform in Brazil, agroforestry,milpa, and the uses of wild varieties in smallholder systems in Mexico and Central America. We highlight emergent research directions that will be necessary to assess the potential of the food sovereignty model to promote both biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction.

The structure and dynamics of a hybrid population of Anigozanthos manglesii D. Don and A. humilis Lindl. (Haemodoraceae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
SD Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Census Data ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Floral Colour ◽  
Gene Exchange ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
The Face

The structure of a hybrid kangaroo paw population (Anigozanthos Labill.) in the shire cemetery at Gingin, Western Australia, was analysed from multivariate morphometric, pollen fertility and floral colour data. A. manglesii D. Don. comprised 87% of the population of 9547 flowering individuals in 1976, and occupied the lower, wetter areas of the cemetery to the exclusion of A. humilis Lindl. A. humilis (11 % of the population) occurred at the greatest density on the higher, drier areas. The intervening ecotonal regions were occupied by both species, and by the majority of F1 hybrids (0.5 % of the population) and backcrosses (c. 2%). Census data documented a threefold increase in the number of A. manglesii individuals, a slight increase in the number of F1 hybrids, and a decrease in the number of A. humilis by a third over a 3-year study period. These data suggest the occurrence of a limited amount of introgressive gene exchange in the face of potent barriers to interspecific hybridization.

Advanced in Rootstock Breeding of Nut Trees: Objectives and Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kourosh Vahdati ◽  
Saadat Sarikhani ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Arab ◽  
Charles A. Leslie ◽  
Abhaya M. Dandekar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Returns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Production ◽  
Environmental Interactions ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Face ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Horticultural Practice ◽  
Rootstock Breeding

The production and consumption of nuts are increasing in the world due to strong economic returns and the nutritional value of their products. With the increasing role and importance given to nuts (i.e., walnuts, hazelnut, pistachio, pecan, almond) in a balanced and healthy diet and in the prevention of various diseases, breeding of the nuts species has also been stepped up. Most recent fruit breeding programs have focused on scion genetic improvement. However, the use of locally adapted grafted rootstocks also enhanced the productivity and quality of tree fruit crops. Grafting is an ancient horticultural practice use in nut crops to manipulate scion phenotype and productivity and overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. There are complex rootstock breeding objectives and physiological and molecular aspects of rootstock–scion interactions in nut crops. In this review, we provide an overview of these, considering the mechanisms involved in nutrient and water uptake, regulation of phytohormones, and rootstock influences on the scion molecular processes, including long-distance gene silencing and trans-grafting. Understanding the mechanisms resulting from rootstock × scion × environmental interactions will contribute to developing new rootstocks with resilience in the face of climate change, but also of the multitude of diseases and pests and of the possible increase of their aggressiveness. They will also have to offer the premises of economic production, respectively yield and the quality, according to multiple destinations of nuts in the current consumption and food industry, but also the increasing exigencies of the consumer market and the profile industry.

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