scholarly journals The Remains of the Socialist Legacy: The Influence of Socialist Socialization on Attitudes toward Income Inequality

Societies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsófia S. Ignácz
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
International Social

Despite convergence processes between Western and post-socialist societies in the past three decades, there are still considerable cross-country differences in individuals’ attitudes toward income inequality. To explain these differences, studies have primarily focused on the role of macro level differences and have only theoretically acknowledged how the role of diverging socialization experiences could also be responsible. To date, little is known about the importance of socialization for attitudes toward income inequality. This article assesses whether the differences between Western and post-socialist countries are influenced by socialization effects. Applying an adapted age-period-cohort analysis on the dataset of the International Social Survey Program’s (ISSP) “Social Inequality” module in survey years 1992, 1999, and 2009, the paper shows that socialization has a substantial effect on attitudes and a socialist socialization clearly differentiates individuals from post-socialist countries from Westerners. Results underline that experiences gained in formative years are crucial for attitudes. A further finding is that both perception and preferences toward income inequality are influenced by socialization.

scholarly journals Inequality Perceptions, Preferences Conducive to Redistribution, and the Conditioning Role of Social Position

Societies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Fatke
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
International Social Survey Programme ◽  
The Social ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Perceptions Of Inequality ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
International Social

Inequality poses one of the biggest challenges of our time. It is not self-correcting in the sense that citizens demand more redistributive measures in light of rising inequality, which recent studies suggest may be due to the fact that citizens’ perceptions of inequality diverge from objective levels. Moreover, it is not the latter, but the former, which are related to preferences conducive to redistribution. However, the nascent literature on inequality perceptions has, so far, not accounted for the role of subjective position in society. The paper advances the argument that the relationship between inequality perceptions and preferences towards redistribution is conditional on the subjective position of respondents. To that end, I analyze comprehensive survey data on inequality perceptions from the social inequality module of the International Social Survey Programme (1992, 1999, and 2009). Results show that inequality perceptions are associated with preferences conducive to redistribution particularly among those perceive to be at the top of the social ladder. Gaining a better understanding of inequality perceptions contributes to comprehending the absence self-correcting inequality.

Corruption, fairness, and inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gal Ariely ◽  
Eric M. Uslaner
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Fair Treatment ◽  
International Social

This study examines two prominent arguments underlying perceptions of corruption – Uslaner’s “inequality trap” thesis, according to which high inequality leads to low trust and thus greater corruption ad infinitum – and the unfairness theory. The perception of corruption was measured across 31 countries via the 2006 Role of Government module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). The findings indicate that, in line with the “inequality trap” thesis, countries with higher levels of income inequality evince a higher degree of perception of corruption and, in correspondence with the unfairness thesis, that people who believe that public officials treat them fairly are less likely to perceive corruption to exist. Combining these two explanations, we employed a multilevel model to examine whether the negative correlation between fair treatment and perceptions of corruption vary in accordance with the level of country income inequality. The results indicate that the link between these variables is weaker in less equal countries than in more egalitarian countries. In unequal countries, fairness does not matter quite so much for corruption perceptions.

Trends in Confidence in Institutions, 1973–2006

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The State ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Event Driven ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines trends in institutional confidence measured by the General Social Survey between 1973 and 2006. It begins by considering the construct of institutional confidence and describing the items and scales used to measure it. After presenting overall levels of confidence in 13 institutions during this period, it examines trends in general confidence scales and in individual institutions. Cohort analysis helps to illuminate these trends. The chapter next investigates correlates of institutional confidence, including experiences with specific institutions, party-in-power effects, education, misanthropy, opinionation, and a general demographic model. It briefly considers the relationship between institutional confidence and support for government programs and political matters. It closes by assessing the state and role of institutional confidence in contemporary society, and both general and event-driven models of trends in confidence.

Women’s Family and Employment Life Courses Across Twentieth-Century Europe: The Role of Policies and Norms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Zagel ◽  
Zachary Van Winkle
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Egalitarianism ◽  
Context Data ◽  
Life Courses ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe ◽  
International Social

Abstract This article examines longitudinal patterns of work–family reconciliation across Europe and whether the influence of defamilizing policies on those patterns is contingent on the normative context. Data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement and sequence analysis are used to reconstruct and analyze women’s family and employment life courses from age fifteen to fifty years, born in the period between 1924 and 1966 from fourteen countries. Historic family policy data and gender attitudes collected in the International Social Survey Programme are included in multinomial regressions. Results suggest that defamilization and gender egalitarianism increase the labor market attachment of women with traditional family life courses independently.

Cross-Country Heterogeneity in Government Transparency and Citizens’ Political Efficacy: A Multilevel Empirical Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Cicatiello ◽  
Elina De Simone ◽  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Government Transparency ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
International Social Survey Programme ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
International Social

Using cross-country data from the Citizenship database of the 2004 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and relying on multilevel mixed-effects modeling, we investigate the link between government transparency and citizens’ external political efficacy. Results indicate that transparency enhances the perception of institutions’ responsiveness to citizens’ actions, but also highlight that this effect is mediated by citizens’ level of education. In particular, while for better educated people the magnitude of government transparency’s effect on citizens’ external efficacy is substantial, the same effect is negligible for less educated citizens who appear to be “lost in transparency.”

scholarly journals Human Capital and the Wealth of Nations

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 2736-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo E. Manuelli ◽  
Ananth Seshadri
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Capital Theory ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

We reevaluate the role of human capital in determining the wealth of nations. We use standard human capital theory to estimate stocks of human capital and allow the quality of human capital to vary across countries. Our model can explain differences in schooling and earnings profiles and, consequently, estimates of Mincerian rates of return across countries. We find that effective human capital per worker varies substantially across countries. Cross-country differences in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are significantly smaller than found in previous studies. Our model implies that output per worker is highly responsive to changes in TFP and demographic variables. (JEL E23, I25, J24, J31, O47)

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