scholarly journals A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

Smart Cities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1513-1561
Author(s):  
Usman Raza ◽  
Abdul Salam
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Underground Communication ◽  
Research Challenges

Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields them from any outside temperament or harsh weather conditions. This paper works towards introducing WUC and give a detail overview of WUC. It discusses system architecture of WUC along with the anatomy of the underground sensor motes deployed in WUC systems. It also compares Over-the-Air and Underground and highlights the major differences between the both type of channels. Since, UG communication is an evolving field, this paper also presents the evolution of the field along with the components and example UG wireless communication systems. Finally, the current research challenges of the system are presented for further improvement of the WUCs.

scholarly journals Signal Propagation Models in Soil Medium for the Study of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: A Review of Current Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Frank Kataka Banaseka ◽  
Ferdinand Katsriku ◽  
Jamal Deen Abdulai ◽  
Kofi Sarpong Adu-Manu ◽  
Felicia Nana Ama Engmann
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Soil Medium ◽  
Propagation Modeling ◽  
Operating Environments

Radio signal propagation modeling plays an important role in the design of wireless communication systems. Various models have been developed, over the past few decades, to predict signal propagation and behavior for wireless communication systems in different operating environments. Recently, there has been an interest in the deployment of wireless sensors in soil. To fully exploit the capabilities of sensor networks deployed in soil requires an understanding of the propagation characteristics within this environment. This paper reviews the cutting-edge developments of signal propagation in the subterranean environment. The most important modeling techniques for modeling include electromagnetic waves, propagation loss, magnetic induction, and acoustic wave. These are discussed vis-a-vis modeling complexity and key parameters of the environment including electric and magnetic properties of soil. An equation to model propagation in the soil is derived from the free space model. Results are presented to show propagation losses and at different frequencies and volumetric water content. The channel capacity and the operating frequency are also analyzed against soil moisture at different soil types and antenna sizes.

Design and Implementation of an Efficient Parallel LFSR Architecture for Wireless Communication Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Suresh Babu ◽  
B. Anand
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Shift Register ◽  
Linear Feedback ◽  
Wireless Communication Systems ◽  
Coverage Area

: A Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) considers a linear function typically an XOR operation of the previous state as an input to the current state. This paper describes in detail the recent Wireless Communication Systems (WCS) and techniques related to LFSR. Cryptographic methods and reconfigurable computing are two different applications used in the proposed shift register with improved speed and decreased power consumption. Comparing with the existing individual applications, the proposed shift register obtained >15 to <=45% of decreased power consumption with 30% of reduced coverage area. Hence this proposed low power high speed LFSR design suits for various low power high speed applications, for example wireless communication. The entire design architecture is simulated and verified in VHDL language. To synthesis a standard cell library of 0.7um CMOS is used. A custom design tool has been developed for measuring the power. From the results, it is obtained that the cryptographic efficiency is improved regarding time and complexity comparing with the existing algorithms. Hence, the proposed LFSR architecture can be used for any wireless applications due to parallel processing, multiple access and cryptographic methods.

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