Overview of Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods to Analysis Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Waters Matrices

Cristina M. M. Almeida

doi:10.3390/separations8020016

Overview of Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Methods to Analysis Pharmaceutical Active Compounds in Waters Matrices

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8020016 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Cristina M. M. Almeida

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Water Cycle ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽

Soil Environment ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Active Compounds ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Current State ◽

Potential Impact

In the environment, pharmaceutical residues are a field of particular interest due to the adverse effects to either human health or aquatic and soil environment. Because of the diversity of these compounds, at least 3000 substances were identified and categorized into 49 different therapeutic classes, and several actions are urgently required at multiple steps, the main ones: (i) occurrence studies of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the water cycle; (ii) the analysis of the potential impact of their introduction into the aquatic environment; (iii) the removal/degradation of the pharmaceutical compounds; and, (iv) the development of more sensible and selective analytical methods to their monitorization. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art sample preparation methods and chromatographic analysis applied to the study of PhACs in water matrices by pinpointing their advantages and drawbacks. Because it is almost impossible to be comprehensive in all PhACs, instruments, extraction techniques, and applications, this overview focuses on works that were published in the last ten years, mainly those applicable to water matrices.

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Climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty into the water cycle

10.5194/hess-2019-660 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Fallah ◽

Sungmin O ◽

Rene Orth

Keyword(s):

Hydrological Model ◽

Water Cycle ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Current State ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

Conceptual Hydrological Model

Abstract. Precipitation is a crucial variable for hydro-meteorological applications. Unfortunately, rain gauge measurements are sparse and unevenly distributed, which substantially hampers the use of in-situ precipitation data in many regions of the world. The increasing availability of high-resolution gridded precipitation products presents a valuable alternative, especially over gauge-sparse regions. Nevertheless, uncertainties and corresponding differences across products can limit the applicability of these data. This study examines the usefulness of current state-of-the-art precipitation datasets in hydrological modelling. For this purpose, we force a conceptual hydrological model with multiple precipitation datasets in > 200 European catchments. We consider a wide range of precipitation products, which are generated via (1) interpolation of gauge measurements (E-OBS and GPCC V.2018), (2) combination of multiple sources (MSWEP V2) and (3) data assimilation into reanalysis models (ERA-Interim, ERA5, and CFSR). For each catchment, runoff and evapotranspiration simulations are obtained by forcing the model with the various precipitation products. Evaluation is done at the monthly time scale during the period of 1984–2007. We find that simulated runoff values are highly dependent on the accuracy of precipitation inputs, and thus show significant differences between the simulations. By contrast, simulated evapotranspiration is generally much less influenced. The results are further analysed with respect to different hydro-climatic regimes. We find that the impact of precipitation uncertainty on simulated runoff increases towards wetter regions, while the opposite is observed in the case of evapotranspiration. Finally, we perform an indirect performance evaluation of the precipitation datasets by comparing the runoff simulations with streamflow observations. Thereby, E-OBS yields the best agreement, while furthermore ERA5, GPCC V.2018 and MSWEP V2 show good performance. In summary, our findings highlight a climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty through the water cycle; while runoff is strongly impacted in comparatively wet regions such as Central Europe, there are increasing implications on evapotranspiration towards drier regions.

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Climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty into the water cycle

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-416 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Fallah Maraghi ◽

Sungmin Oh ◽

Rene Orth

Keyword(s):

Hydrological Modeling ◽

Hydrological Model ◽

Water Cycle ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Rain Gauge ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Current State ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

<p>Precipitation is a crucial variable for hydro-meteorological applications. Unfortunately, rain gauge measurements are sparse and unevenly distributed, which substantially hampers the use of in-situ precipitation data in many regions of the world. The increasing availability of high-resolution gridded precipitation products presents a valuable alternative, especially over gauge-sparse regions. Nevertheless, uncertainties and corresponding differences across products can limit the applicability of these data. This study examines the usefulness of current state-of-the-art precipitation datasets in hydrological modeling. For this purpose, we force a conceptual hydrological model with multiple precipitation datasets in >200 European catchments. We consider a wide range of precipitation products, which are generated via (1) interpolation of gauge measurements (E-OBS and GPCC V.2018), (2) data assimilation into reanalysis models (ERA-Interim, ERA5, and CFSR) and (3) combination of multiple sources (MSWEP V2). For each catchment, runoff and evapotranspiration simulations are obtained by forcing the model with the various precipitation products. Evaluation is done at the monthly time scale during the period of 1984-2007. We find that simulated runoff values are highly dependent on the accuracy of precipitation inputs, and thus show significant differences between the simulations. By contrast, simulated evapotranspiration is generally much less influenced. The results are further analysed with respect to different hydro-climatic regimes. We find that the impact of precipitation uncertainty on simulated runoff increases towards wetter regions, while the opposite is observed in the case of evapotranspiration. Finally, we perform an indirect performance evaluation of the precipitation datasets by comparing the runoff simulations with streamflow observations. Thereby, E-OBS yields the best agreement, while furthermore ERA5, GPCC V.2018 and MSWEP V2 show good performance. In summary, our findings highlight a climate-dependent propagation of precipitation uncertainty through the water cycle; while runoff is strongly impacted in comparatively wet regions such as Central Europe, there are increasing implications on evapotranspiration towards drier regions.</p>

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Matrix removal in state of the art sample preparation methods for serum by charged aerosol detection and metabolomics-based LC-MS

Analytica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.031 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 915 ◽

pp. 56-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Denise Schimek ◽

Kevin A. Francesconi ◽

Anton Mautner ◽

Gunnar Libiseller ◽

Reingard Raml ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Charged Aerosol Detection ◽

Charged Aerosol ◽

Matrix Removal ◽

Sample Preparation Methods

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Review of sample preparation methods for chromatographic analysis of neonicotinoids in agricultural and environmental matrices: From classical to state-of-the-art methods

Journal of Chromatography A ◽

10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462042 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 462042

Author(s):

Eiki Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Sample Preparation ◽

Chromatographic Analysis ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Environmental Matrices ◽

Preparation Methods ◽

Art Methods ◽

Sample Preparation Methods

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Current State-of-the-art In-house and Cloud-Based Applications of Virtual Polymorph Screening of Pharmaceutical Compounds: A Challenging Case of AZD1305

Crystal Growth & Design ◽

10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01266 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

GuangXu Sun ◽

Xuetao Liu ◽

Yuriy A. Abramov ◽

Sten O. Nilsson Lill ◽

Chao Chang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Pharmaceutical Compounds ◽

Current State ◽

Polymorph Screening

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Recent applications of TEM to the study of interfaces

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100174679 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 308-309

Author(s):

C. Barry Carter

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Grain Boundaries ◽

Diffuse Scattering ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Amorphous Material ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

Current State ◽

Actual Nature ◽

High Resolution Images

This paper will review the current state of understanding of interface structure and highlight some of the future needs and problems which must be overcome. The study of this subject can be separated into three different topics: 1) the fundamental electron microscopy aspects, 2) material-specific features of the study and 3) the characteristics of the particular interfaces. The two topics which are relevant to most studies are the choice of imaging techniques and sample preparation. The techniques used to study interfaces in the TEM include high-resolution imaging, conventional diffraction-contrast imaging, and phase-contrast imaging (Fresnel fringe images, diffuse scattering). The material studied affects not only the characteristics of the interfaces (through changes in bonding, etc.) but also the method used for sample preparation which may in turn have a significant affect on the resulting image. Finally, the actual nature and geometry of the interface must be considered. For example, it has become increasingly clear that the plane of the interface is particularly important whenever at least one of the adjoining grains is crystalline.A particularly productive approach to the study of interfaces is to combine different imaging techniques as illustrated in the study of grain boundaries in alumina. In this case, the conventional imaging approach showed that most grain boundaries in ion-thinned samples are grooved at the grain boundary although the extent of this grooving clearly depends on the crystallography of the surface. The use of diffuse scattering (from amorphous regions) gives invaluable information here since it can be used to confirm directly that surface grooving does occur and that the grooves can fill with amorphous material during sample preparation (see Fig. 1). Extensive use of image simulation has shown that, although information concerning the interface can be obtained from Fresnel-fringe images, the introduction of artifacts through sample preparation cannot be lightly ignored. The Fresnel-fringe simulation has been carried out using a commercial multislice program (TEMPAS) which was intended for simulation of high-resolution images.

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Behavioral Genetics: Concepts for Research and Practice in Language Development and Disorders

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.3805.1126 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 1126-1142 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jeffrey W. Gilger

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

Behavioral Genetics ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Genetic Research ◽

Great Promise ◽

Behavioral Genetic ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Future Goals ◽

Current State ◽

Research Designs

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done—including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

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