scholarly journals Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Demetris Koutsoyiannis ◽  
Zbigniew Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is common knowledge that increasing CO2 concentration plays a major role in enhancement of the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The purpose of this study is to complement the conventional and established theory that increased CO2 concentration due to human emissions causes an increase of temperature, by considering the reverse causality. Since increased temperature causes an increase in CO2 concentration, the relationship of atmospheric CO2 and temperature may qualify as belonging to the category of “hen-or-egg” problems, where it is not always clear which of two interrelated events is the cause and which the effect. We examine the relationship of global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the monthly time step, covering the time interval 1980–2019, in which reliable instrumental measurements are available. While both causality directions exist, the results of our study support the hypothesis that the dominant direction is T → CO2. Changes in CO2 follow changes in T by about six months on a monthly scale, or about one year on an annual scale. We attempt to interpret this mechanism by involving biochemical reactions, as at higher temperatures soil respiration, and hence CO2 emission, are increasing.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Demetris Koutsoyiannis ◽  
Zbigniew Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is common knowledge that increasing CO2 concentration plays a major role in enhancement of the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The purpose of this study is to complement the conventional and established theory that increased CO2 concentration due to human emissions causes an increase of temperature, by considering the reverse causality. Since increased temperature causes an increase in CO2 concentration, the relationship of atmospheric CO2 and temperature may qualify as belonging to the category of “hen-or-egg” problems, where it is not always clear which of two interrelated events is the cause and which the effect. We examine the relationship of global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the monthly time step, covering the time interval 1980–2019, in which reliable instrumental measurements are available. While both causality directions exist, the results of our study support the hypothesis that the dominant direction is T → CO2. Changes in CO2 follow changes in T by about six months on a monthly scale, or about one year on an annual scale. We attempt to interpret this mechanism by involving biochemical reactions, as at higher temperatures soil respiration, and hence CO2 emission, are increasing.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-or-Egg Causality?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Demetris Koutsoyiannis ◽  
Zbigniew Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is common knowledge that increasing CO2 concentration plays a major role in enhancement of the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The purpose of this study is to complement the conventional and established theory that increased CO2 concentration due to human emissions causes an increase of temperature, by considering the reverse causality. Since increased temperature causes an increase in CO2 concentration, the relationship of atmospheric CO2 and temperature may qualify as belonging to the category of “hen-or-egg” problems, where it is not always clear which of two interrelated events is the cause and which the effect. We examine the relationship of global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration at the monthly time step, covering the time interval 1980–2019, in which reliable instrumental measurements are available. While both causality directions exist, the results of our study support the hypothesis that the dominant direction is T → CO2. Changes in CO2 follow changes in T by about six months on a monthly scale, or about one year on an annual scale. We attempt to interpret this mechanism by involving biochemical reactions, as at higher temperatures soil respiration, and hence CO2 emission, are increasing.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Temperature and CO2: Hen-Or-Egg Causality?

Sci ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Demetris Koutsoyiannis ◽  
Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
One Year ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is common knowledge that increasing CO2 concentration plays a major role in enhancement of the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The purpose of this study is to complement the conventional and established theory, that increased CO2 concentration due to human emissions causes an increase in temperature, by considering the reverse causality. Since increased temperature causes an increase in CO2 concentration, the relationship of atmospheric CO2 and temperature may qualify as belonging to the category of “hen-or-egg” problems, where it is not always clear which of two interrelated events is the cause and which the effect. We examine the relationship of global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration in monthly time steps, covering the time interval 1980–2019 during which reliable instrumental measurements are available. While both causality directions exist, the results of our study support the hypothesis that the dominant direction is T → CO2. Changes in CO2 follow changes in T by about six months on a monthly scale, or about one year on an annual scale. We attempt to interpret this mechanism by involving biochemical reactions as at higher temperatures, soil respiration and, hence, CO2 emissions, are increasing.

scholarly journals Hubungan Perilaku Perdagangan Investor Dengan Volume Perdagangan Di Bursa Efek Indonesia

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghazali Syamni
Keyword(s):  
Trading Volume ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Order Pattern ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the relationship of behavior trading investor using data detailed transaction history-corporate edition demand and order history in Indonesia Stock Exchange during period of March, April and May 2005. Peculiarly, behavior placing of investor order at trading volume. The result of this paper indicates that trading volume order pattern to have pattern U shape. The pattern happened that investors have strong desires to places order at the opening and close of compared to in trading periods. While the largest orders are of market at the opening indicates that investor is more conservatively when opening, where many orders when opening has not happened transaction to match. In placing order both of investor does similar strategy. By definition, informed investors’ orders more large than uninformed investors. If comparison of order examined hence both investors behavior relatively changes over time. But, statistically shows there is not ratio significant. This implies behavior trading of informed investors and uninformed investors stable relative over time. The result from regression analysis indicates that informed investors to correlate at trading volume in all time intervals, but not all uninformed investors correlates in every time interval. This imply investor order inform is more can explain trading volume pattern compared to uninformed investor order in Indonesia Stock Exchange. Finally, result of regression also finds that order status match has greater role determines trading volume pattern intraday especially informed buy match and informed sale match. While amend, open and withdraw unable to have role to determine intraday trading volume pattern.

Initiation of each avian inspiration by a CO2 threshold mechanism

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Miller ◽  
A. L. Kunz
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Model ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Threshold Mechanism ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Respiratory Movements

The avian respiratory oscillator has been investigated in a unidirectionally ventilated chicken by changing the dynamic pattern of inflow CO2 concentration (FCO2). Stimulation with periodic FCO2 results in a one-to-one synchronization of the respiratory movements that we have called pacing (Respir. Physiol. 22: 167--177, 1974). A two-parameter CO2 threshold model is proposed to explain this behavior. The model states that when FCO2 reaches a threshold level (L), it initiates the beginning of inspiration a constant time interval (LB) later. According to this model, when a triangular FCO2 concentration is used to synchronize the breathing pattern, the time from the minimum of the wave form to the beginning of inspiration (C-B interval) is dependent on the mean value and the rate of rise of FCO2 as determined by period and amplitude of the triangle. Particularly interesting is the prediction that the direction of the relationship (increasing or decreasing) between FCO2 amplitude and the C-B interval is dependent on whether the mean value of FCO2 is above or below the threshold level. Experimental data obtained during amplitude changes support the above prediction.

scholarly journals NUTRITION OF THE HOST AND NATURAL RESISTANCE TO INFECTION

1949 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 529-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard A. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Mouse ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Single Infection ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Resistance To Infection ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The double strain inoculation (DSI) method of testing for natural resistance to infection has been examined in the instance of mouse salmonellosis. The DSI method has been found capable of detecting differences in natural resistance due to genetic as well as nutritional causes. A difference in response to Salmonella infection was found for the first time between the two "susceptible" inbred mouse strains, BSVR and BSVS. Whereas BSVS mice for the most part survived an intraperitoneal injection of 103 "avirulent" S. typhimurium, BSVR mice all succumbed. The relationship of the DSI test to the usual single infection test has been discussed and it is suggested that such single infection tests are special cases of the DSI test, since they involve a heterogeneous bacterial population which can be considered as a mixture of cultures of differing virulence and in which, by a single injection, the usual time interval between the two injections of the DSI method has been reduced to 0.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE HISTORICAL CORRELATION BETWEEN ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AND GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
Kneev Sharma ◽  
Dimitre Karamanev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Global Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon

Understanding the fundamental relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and temperature rise is essential for tackling the problem of climate change that faces us today. Misconceptions regarding the relationship are widespread due to media and political influences. This investigation aims to address the popular misconception that CO2 concentration directly and naturally leads to global temperature rise. While anthropogenic CO2 emissions seem to affect the rising global atmospheric temperature with a confidence of 95%, it falters when the historical relationship using ice core data is studied. This investigation uses two statistical approaches to determine an accurate range and direction for this important relationship. Through a combined approach, it was found that historically CO2 concentration in the last 650 000 years lags global temperature rise by 1020-1080 years with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.8371-0.8372. This result is important for the investigation of climate change.

scholarly journals Cossos en reclusió i cavant. Experiències i representacions emblemàtiques sobre la persona

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Jordi Morell Rovira
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Common Practices ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article explores the relationship of the person with the hole through both literal and metaphorical situations. On the one hand, it points up the body in seclusion and suspended in a time interval, as in the case of the accident at the mine in San José (Chile) or works by artists like J. Wall, G. Schneider or R. Ondák. In this way, opposed feelings evoke the experiences of waiting and/or punishment, which are explanatory of a confined body or a hole. Literature, cinema and art deal with these events from multiple aspects, which become existential allegories about the individual. On the other hand, the act of digging gains prominence as a symbol of work, but also of the absurd. Recalling the ambivalence that may suggest a person making a hole, this article carries out a drift through works by artists of different generations and contexts, such as C. Burden, M. Heizer, F. Miralles, Geliti, S. Sierra, F. Alÿs, M. Salum, X. Ristol or N. Güell. A series of clearly performative or conceptual works, where the act of digging, drilling, burying or unburying become common practices that show the diversity of meanings and intentions.

СНИЖЕНИЕ ДИФФУЗНОЙ НАГРУЗКИ НА ВОДНЫЕ ОБЪЕКТЫ: ИСХОДНЫЕ ТРЕБОВАНИЯ НА РАЗРАБОТКУ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА

2020 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
I.I. Kontorovitch
Keyword(s):  
Technological Process ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Information Model ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Management Information ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Цель исследований сформулировать совокупность требований к разработке системы утилизации диффузного стока с орошаемых земель, которую предлагается рассматривать как технологический процесс, реализуемый в пределах намеченного интервала времени и обеспечивающий с помощью комплекса технический и техно-природных объектов выполнение в необходимом наборе и комбинации следующих операций: транспортирование, аккумуляция, обработка и использование собственно диффузного стока, а также продуктов его обработки. Методологической основой исследований является системный подход в плане взаимосвязи разрабатываемых исходных требований с компонентами технологического процесса, которые выражаются при помощи категорийно-понятийного инварианта. В процессе исследований определены назначение и цели системы утилизации диффузного стока, представлены основные термины, описывающие данный процесс, а также их определения. В результате системного анализа процесса утилизации диффузного стока с орошаемых земель были установлены исходные требования к созданию системы утилизации диффузного стока, включающие девять компонентов технологического процесса, выраженных посредством следующих научных категорий: персонал, ресурсы, среда, управление, информация, модель, время, продукт.The aim of the research is to formulate a set of requirements for the development of a system for utilizing diffuse runoff from irrigated land, which is proposed to be considered as a technological process implemented within the intended time interval and ensuring, using a complex of technical and techno-natural objects, the necessary set and combination of the following operations: transportation, accumulation, processing and use of diffuse runoff itself, as well as its treatment products. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic approach in terms of the relationship of the developed initial requirements with the components of the technological process, which are expressed using the category-conceptual invariant. In the process of research, the purpose and goals of the diffuse drainage disposal system are determined, the basic terms describing this process are presented, as well as their definitions. As a result of a systematic analysis of the process of utilizing diffuse runoff from irrigated lands, the initial requirements were established for the creation of a system for utilizing diffuse runoff, which includes nine components of the technological process expressed through the following scientific categories: personnel, resources, environment, management, information, model, time, product.

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