scholarly journals Gait Analysis Using Accelerometry Data from a Single Smartphone: Agreement and Consistency between a Smartphone Application and Gold-Standard Gait Analysis System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7497
Author(s):  
Roy T. Shahar ◽  
Maayan Agmon
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Spatio-temporal parameters of human gait, currently measured using different methods, provide valuable information on health. Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) are one such method of gait analysis, with smartphone IMUs serving as a good substitute for current gold-standard techniques. Here we investigate the concurrent validity of a smartphone placed in a front-facing pocket to perform gait analysis. Sixty community-dwelling healthy adults equipped with a smartphone and an application for gait analysis completed a 2-min walk on a marked path. Concurrent validity was assessed against an APDM mobility lab (APDM Inc.; Portland, OR, USA). Bland–Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients (agreement and consistency) for gait speed, cadence, and step length indicate good to excellent agreement (ICC2,1 > 0.8). For right leg stance and swing % of gait cycle and double support % of gait cycle, results were moderate (0.52 < ICC2,1 < 0.62). For left leg stance and swing % of gait cycle left results show poor agreement (ICC2,1 < 0.5). Consistency of results was good to excellent for all tested parameters (ICC3,1 > 0.8). Thus we have a valid and reliable instrument for measuring healthy adults’ spatio-temporal gait parameters in a controlled walking environment.

scholarly journals Can We Rely on Flight Time to Measure Jumping Performance or Neuromuscular Fatigue-Overload in Professional Female Soccer Players?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 4424
Author(s):  
Estrella Armada-Cortés ◽  
Javier Peláez Barrajón ◽  
José Antonio Benítez-Muñoz ◽  
Enrique Navarro ◽  
Alejandro F. San Juan
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Neuromuscular Fatigue ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Jumping Performance ◽  
Significant Difference

The main purpose of this study was to compare the validity of the take-off velocity method (TOV) measured with a force platform (FP) (gold standard) versus the flight time method (FT) in a vertical jump to measure jumping performance or neuromuscular fatigue-overload in professional female football players. For this purpose, we used a FP and a validated smartphone application (APP). A total of eight healthy professional female football players (aged 27.25 ± 6.48 years) participated in this study. All performed three valid trials of a countermovement jump and squat jump and were measured at the same time with the APP and the FP. The results show that there is a lack of validity and reliability between jump height (JH) calculated through the TOV method with the FP and the FT method with the FP (r = 0.028, p > 0.84, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = −0.026) and between the JH measured with the FP through the TOV method and the APP with the FT method (r = 0.116, p > 0.43, ICC = −0.094 (−0.314–0.157)). A significant difference between the JH measured through the TOV with the FP versus the APP (p < 0.05), and a trend between the JH obtained with the FP through the TOV and the FT (p = 0.052) is also shown. Finally, the JH with the FP through the FT and the APP did not differ (p > 0.05). The eta-squared of the one-way ANOVA was η2 = 0.085. It seems that only the TOV measured with a FP could guarantee the accuracy of the jump test in SJ+CMJ and SJ, so it is recommended that high-level sportswomen and men should be assessed with the FP through TOV as gold standard technology to ensure correct performance and/or fatigue-overload control during the sport season.

scholarly journals Concurrent Validity of an Automated Footprint Detection Algorithm to Measure Plantar Contact Area During Walking

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (6) ◽  
pp. 416-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Lidstone ◽  
Louise M. Porcher ◽  
Jessica DeBerardinis ◽  
Janet S. Dufek ◽  
Mohamed B. Trabia
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Strong Agreement

Background: Monitoring footprints during walking can lead to better identification of foot structure and abnormalities. Current techniques for footprint measurements are either static or dynamic, with low resolution. This work presents an approach to monitor the plantar contact area when walking using high-speed videography. Methods: Footprint images were collected by asking the participants to walk across a custom-built acrylic walkway with a high-resolution digital camera placed directly underneath the walkway. This study proposes an automated footprint identification algorithm (Automatic Identification Algorithm) to measure the footprint throughout the stance phase of walking. This algorithm used coloration of the plantar tissue that was in contact with the acrylic walkway to distinguish the plantar contact area from other regions of the foot that were not in contact. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) demonstrated strong agreement between the proposed automated approach and the gold standard manual method (ICC = 0.939). Strong agreement between the two methods also was found for each phase of stance (ICC &gt; 0.78). Conclusions: The proposed automated footprint detection technique identified the plantar contact area during walking with strong agreement with a manual gold standard method. This is the first study to demonstrate the concurrent validity of an automated identification algorithm to measure the plantar contact area during walking.

scholarly journals Development of a Smartphone-Based Balance Assessment System for Subjects with Stroke

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
You-Ruei Hou ◽  
Ya-Lan Chiu ◽  
Shang-Lin Chiang ◽  
Hui-Ya Chen ◽  
Wen-Hsu Sung
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Balance Assessment ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Validity Tests

Stroke is a cerebral artery disease that negatively affects activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL). Smartphones have demonstrated strong potential in assessing balance performance. However, such smartphone-based tools have thus far not been applied to stroke survivors. The purpose of this study was to develop a smartphone-based balance assessment system for subjects who have experienced strokes and evaluate the system feasibility. The smartphone-based balance assessment application was developed with Android Studio, and reliability and validity tests were conducted. The smartphone was used to record data using a built-in accelerometer and gyroscope, and increased changes represented greater instability. Six postures were tested for 30 s each. Ten healthy adults were recruited in the reliability test, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the within-day and between-day reliabilities. Eight subjects with chronic stroke and eight healthy adults were recruited for the validity test, in which balance performance was compared to represent the application validity. The ICC values of the reliability tests were at least 0.76 (p = 0.00). The acceleration data exhibited no difference between individuals who have experienced stroke and healthy subjects; however, all six postures were found to differ significantly between the two groups in the gyroscope data. The study demonstrates that the smartphone application provides a convenient, reliable, and valid tool for the balance assessments of subjects who have experienced chronic stroke.

A portable system for the measurement of the temporal parameters of gait

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kyriazis ◽  
C. Rigas ◽  
T. Xenakis
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Gait Cycle ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Step Duration ◽  
Portable System ◽  
Single Limb Support

An easy-to-use, low cost, portable system is presented. It consists of a transmitter, four electrical sensors, a receiver and a PC with the appropriate software. The system can assess footfall timing, that is the single limb support, double limb support, single step duration values, and the gait cycle duration.This system has been tested for its accuracy with known signals. Then, measurements on a group of twenty (20) healthy adults were performed, with statistically insignificant (p>0.2) results to those reported in the literature. The above prove the system's validity for temporal gait analysis

scholarly journals Validity and reliability of smartphone inclinometer applications for measurement of elbow range of motion in paediatric patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-494
Author(s):  
Denis P. Koong ◽  
Jillian Lee ◽  
Tegan L. Cheng ◽  
David G. Little
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Interobserver Reliability ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Visual Estimation ◽  
Paediatric Patients ◽  
Flexion Extension

Purpose Precise measurement of elbow range of motion (ROM) post-injury or surgery forms an important part of determining prognosis and the need for further intervention. Clinicians are increasingly incorporating smartphone use in our medical practice; we sought to determine if a smartphone goniometer application is a valid and reliable tool for assessment of elbow ROM in the paediatric patient, compared to visual and goniometer assessment. Methods In total, 20 paediatric patients (40 elbows) between six and 15 years of age with an elbow or forearm injury were included in this prospective series. Elbow flexion, extension, pronation and supination were measured independently by two orthopaedic clinicians. Measurements were taken from injured as well as unaffected side using a standardized technique, first with visual estimation and then using a universal goniometer (UG) and smartphone goniometer application Angle Meter via Google Play store (Smart Tool Factory, Istanbul, Turkey). Results There was excellent interobserver reliability for all three modalities, with average intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values greater than 0.90. Visual estimation had the lowest average ICC of 0.92, compared to 0.97 for UG and smartphone. Overall, there was excellent intraobserver reliability between the smartphone application and the gold standard UG for all elbow movements with ICCs ranging between 0.98 to 0.99 and mean absolute difference ranging from 1.1 ± 1.0° to 2.6 ± 1.9°. The smartphone application showed superior agreement over visual estimation when compared to the gold standard UG with lower mean differences and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) falling within 10°. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that a smartphone application is a valid and reliable assessment tool for measurement of elbow ROM in paediatric patients, and better than visualization alone. Level of evidence III

scholarly journals Two-dimensional video-based analysis of human gait using pose estimation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Stenum ◽  
Cristina Rossi ◽  
Ryan T. Roemmich
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Pose Estimation ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Human Gait ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Human Gait Analysis

ABSTRACTWalking is the primary mode of human locomotion. Accordingly, people have been interested in studying human gait since at least the fourth century BC. Human gait analysis is now common in many fields of clinical and basic research, but gold standard approaches – e.g., three-dimensional motion capture, instrumented mats or footwear, and wearables – are often expensive, immobile, data-limited, and/or require specialized equipment or expertise for operation. Recent advances in video-based pose estimation have suggested exciting potential for analyzing human gait using only two-dimensional video inputs collected from readily accessible devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets). However, we currently lack: 1) data about the accuracy of video-based pose estimation approaches for human gait analysis relative to gold standard measurement techniques and 2) an available workflow for performing human gait analysis via video-based pose estimation. In this study, we compared a large set of spatiotemporal and sagittal kinematic gait parameters as measured by OpenPose (a freely available algorithm for video-based human pose estimation) and three-dimensional motion capture from trials where healthy adults walked overground. We found that OpenPose performed well in estimating many gait parameters (e.g., step time, step length, sagittal hip and knee angles) while some (e.g., double support time, sagittal ankle angles) were less accurate. We observed that mean values for individual participants – as are often of primary interest in clinical settings – were more accurate than individual step-by-step measurements. We also provide a workflow for users to perform their own gait analyses and offer suggestions and considerations for future approaches.

scholarly journals Countermovement Jump Analysis Using Different Portable Devices: Implications for Field Testing

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Rago ◽  
João Brito ◽  
Pedro Figueiredo ◽  
Thiago Carvalho ◽  
Tiago Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Force Platform ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

The aim of this study was to analyze the concurrent validity, test–retest reliability, and capacity to detect changes of four different portable devices used to measure a wide range of neuromuscular parameters derived from countermovement jump (CMJ). An accelerometric device (Myotest), a jump mat (Ergojump), an optical device (Optojump), and a smartphone app (MyJump) were simultaneously examined for concurrent validity against gold-standard measures (motion-capture system and a force platform). Twenty-two CMJ-derived variables were collected from 15 healthy male subjects (n = 60 CMJs). Contraction time (CT) and eccentric duration (EccD) measurements obtained from the Myotest were moderately to largely associated with and not different from force platform measurements (r = 0.31 to 0.64, ES = 0.11 to 0.18) and showed moderate test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.92 to 0.97, coefficient of variation (CV) = 3.8 to 8.0%). Flight time (FT) and jump height (JH) from Ergojump, Optojump, and MyJump showed moderate to strong associations with gold-standard measurements (r = 0.57 to 0.98) and good test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.54 to 0.97, CV = 1.8 to 4.2). However, all portable devices underestimated JH (ES = 1.25 to 2.75). Independent of the instrument used, the analyzed CMJ variables showed good capacity to detect changes (standard error of measurement (SEM) < smallest worthwhile change (SWC)), with the exception of rate of force and rate of power development parameters, which showed marginal capacity (SEM > SWC). The Myotest is preferable to measure temporal parameters during ground contact, whereas Ergojump, Optojump, and MyJump devices may be preferable to measure FT and JH, with the Optojump being the most accurate.

scholarly journals The Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Digital Inclinometer, Smartphone Applications, and the Cervical Range of Motion Device for Measuring the Cervical Range of Motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-418
Author(s):  
Faezeh Ghorbani ◽  
◽  
Mojtaba Kamyab ◽  
Fatemeh Azadinia ◽  
Amir Ahmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
High Agreement ◽  
Cervical Range Of Motion ◽  
Digital Inclinometer ◽  
Direction Of Movement

Objectives: Changes in the Range of Motion (ROM) are essential criteria in determining the severity of spinal disorders and could be effective in predicting pain progression. Instruments to measure the ROM are costly and unavailable in most therapy settings. While there is a tendency in therapists to use their smartphones instead, there is no report to measure the suitability of smartphones to be employed for this purpose. The current study aimed to compare the inter- and intra-rater reliability and concurrent validity of a Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) device (as a gold standard), a digital inclinometer, and smartphones in measuring the CROM in asymptomatic adults. Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects (11 women, 13 men) aged 22 to 45 years were recruited for this study. Neck movements were assessed per study subject using CROM device, dual digital inclinometer, as well as IOS (for iPhone), and Android applications. Despite the popularity of using smartphone applications, there was no study comparing such applications. Results: The dual inclinometer and iPhone clinometer and compass applications presented acceptable absolute and relative reliability (ICC=0.662-0.913) and (ICC=0.753-0.887), respectively for neck movements in all planes. The reliability of the Android clinometer application in the sagittal and frontal planes was also acceptable (ICC=0.76-0.937); however, the Android compass application used in the horizontal plane indicated the least intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC: 0.202-0.433) in this area. Discussion: All the tested tools differed from the gold standard depending on the direction of movement, confirmed i.e. approved by the Bland-Altman. The dual digital inclinometer presented moderate to high agreement to the CROM device for all motions, except for rotation. The iPhone applications had high to a very high agreement, and the Android application revealed poor to a moderate agreement. These discrepancies should be considered in employing smartphones for diagnosing a cervical disorder and determining a therapeutic plan. However, as phone applications indicated desirable reproducibility, these tools could be used for the follow-up and monitoring of changes in the CROM.

Validity and reliability of a smartphone goniometer application for measuring hip range of motions

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Devrim Can Sarac ◽  
Gamze Yalcinkaya ◽  
Bayram Unver
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Minimum Detectable Change ◽  
Observer Reliability ◽  
Hip Flexion

BACKGROUND: Mobile applications which are designed to assess the range of motion (ROM) are widely used. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to determine the inter-observer and intra-observer reliability of a smartphone application “PT Goniometer” (PTG) and determine the correlation between PTG and universal goniometer (UG) regarding active ROMs of the hip in healthy participants. METHODS: Thirty-four healthy young participants were included in the study. Two physiotherapists performed active hip flexion, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation ROM measurements of dominant legs of the participants by using PTG and UG. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine the intra-observer and inter-observer reliability. Level of correlations between PTG and UG were used to establish concurrent validity of PTG. RESULTS: The PTG demonstrated excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability (ICC >  0.90) for all measured hip movements. The minimum detectable change (MDC95) was ranged from 3.29° to 5.1° for the intra-observer reliability, and from 2.55° to 3.21° for the inter-observer reliability. Additionally, the concurrent validity was found excellent (r = 0.91–0.93). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that PTG is a valid and a reliable mobile technology for measuring hip ROMs.

scholarly journals Concurrent validity and repeatability of inertial sensor gait analysis system for the measurement of gait parameters of young healthy adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1484600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annukka Myllymäki ◽  
Eliisa Löyttyniemi ◽  
Maria Kaunismäki ◽  
Maiju Pesonen ◽  
Airi Oksanen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gait Analysis ◽  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Analysis System
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