scholarly journals EMG Based Analysis of Gait Symmetry in Healthy Children

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5983
Author(s):  
Kristina Daunoraviciene ◽  
Jurgita Ziziene ◽  
Jolanta Pauk ◽  
Giedre Juskeniene ◽  
Juozas Raistenskis
Keyword(s):  
Force Plate ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Gait Symmetry ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Single Support Phase

The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in muscular activity between the left and right lower legs during gait in healthy children throughout temporal parameters of EMG and symmetry index (SI). A total of 17 healthy children (age: 8.06 ± 1.92 years) participated in this study. Five muscles on both legs were examined via the Vicon 8-camera motion analysis system synchronized with a Trigno EMG Wireless system and a Bertec force plate; onset–offset intervals were analyzed. The highest occurrence frequency of the primary activation modality was found in the stance phase. In the swing phase, onset–offset showed only a few meaningful signs of side asymmetry. The knee flexors demonstrated significant differences between the sides (p < 0.05) in terms of onset–offset intervals: biceps femoris in stance, single support, and pre-swing phases, with SI values = −6.45%, −14.29%, and −17.14%, respectively; semitendinosus in single support phase, with SI = −12.90%; lateral gastrocnemius in swing phase, with SI = −13.33%; and medial gastrocnemius in stance and single support phases, with SI = −13.33% and −23.53%, respectively. The study outcomes supply information about intra-subject variability, which is very important in follow-up examinations and comparison with other target groups of children.

scholarly journals Relationship between Muscular Activity and Postural Control Changes after Proprioceptive Focal Stimulation (Equistasi®) in Middle-Moderate Parkinson’s Disease Patients: An Explorative Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 560
Author(s):  
Fabiola Spolaor ◽  
Marco Romanato ◽  
Guiotto Annamaria ◽  
Antonella Peppe ◽  
Leila Bakdounes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Romberg Test

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Equistasi®, a wearable device, on the relationship between muscular activity and postural control changes in a sample of 25 Parkinson’s disease (PD) subjects. Gait analysis was carried out through a six-cameras stereophotogrammetric system synchronized with two force plates, an eight-channel surface electromyographic system, recording the activity of four muscles bilaterally: Rectus femoris, tibialis anterior (TA), biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL). The peak of the envelope (PoE) and its occurrence within the gait cycle (position of the peak of the envelope, PPoE) were calculated. Frequency-domain posturographic parameters were extracted while standing still on a force plate in eyes open and closed conditions for 60 s. After the treatment with Equistasi®, the mid-low (0.5–0.75) Hz and mid-high (0.75–1 Hz) components associated with the vestibular and somatosensory systems, PoE and PPoE, displayed a shift toward the values registered on the controls. Furthermore, a correlation was found between changes in proprioception (power spectrum frequencies during the Romberg Test) and the activity of GL, BF (PoE), and TA (PPoE). Results of this study could provide a quantitative estimation of the effects of a neurorehabilitation device on the peripheral and central nervous system in PD.

scholarly journals Effects of Shoe Midsole Hardness on Lower Extremity Biomechanics during Jump Rope in Healthy Males

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1394
Author(s):  
Hai-Bin Yu ◽  
Wei-Hsun Tai ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Wei-Ya Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Vertical Stiffness ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Muscle Activations ◽  
Jump Rope

This study investigated differences in lower extremity muscle activations and vertical stiffness during a 2.2 Hz jump rope exercise with different midsole hardnesses (45, 50, 55, and 60 Shores C). Twelve healthy male participants wore customized shoes with different hardness midsoles and performed jump rope exercises in a random order. A nine-camera motion analysis system (150 Hz), a force platform (1500 Hz), and a wireless electromyography (EMG) system (Noraxon, 1500 Hz) were used to measure the biomechanical parameters during the jump rope exercise. The biceps femoris %MVC of barefoot participants was significantly greater than that of those wearing the 45 Shores C (p = 0.048) and 55 Shores C (p = 0.009) midsole 100 ms before landing. The vastus medialis %MVC of barefoot participants was significantly greater than that of those wearing the 55 C midsole (p = 0.005). Nonsignificant differences in vertical stiffness were found between midsole hardnesses and barefoot. Lower extremity muscle activation differed between conditions. The results of this study indicate that for repetitive activities that entail multiple impacts, sports shoes with a low midsole hardness (e.g., 50 Shores C or 45 Shores C) may be appropriate. It is important to provide customers with information regarding midsole hardness in shoe product labeling so that they properly consider the function of the shoes.

scholarly journals A comparison of the free moment pattern between normal and hyper-pronated aligned feet in female subjects during the stance phase of gait

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Yazdani ◽  
M Razeghi ◽  
S Ebrahimi
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Single Force ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Free Moment

Background: Excessive range of adductory free moment of the ground reaction force may potentially increase the risk of lower extremity injuries by applying a higher torsional load transmitted to the proximal parts.Objective: It was hypothesized that the free moment pattern might be different between hyper-pronated and normal feet subjects. Moreover, a correlation would exist between peak adduction free moment and peak ankle-foot complex abduction at the stance phase of walking.Methods: Thirty female participants were divided into two groups of asymptomatic hyper-pronated and normal feet. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected using a single force plate and a six-camera motion analysis system during three successful free speed walking trials. Ensemble average curves were extracted from the time normalized individual trials of the stance phase for both free moment and peak ankle-foot complex abduction parameters.Results: Significant differences in peak adductory free moment, peak ankle-foot complex eversion and peak ankle-foot complex abduction were found between normal and hyper-pronated groups (4.90±0.97Vs. 5.94±0.88, P < 0.01), (3.30±0.95Vs. 6.28±1.47, P < 0.01) and (4.52±1.16Vs. 8.23±2.52, P < 0.01, respectively).A significant positive correlation was found between the peak adduction free moment and peak ankle-foot complex abduction in both groups, which was more strongly positive in hyper-pronated group (r = 0.745, p < 0.01, normal group, r = 0.900, p < 0.01, hyper-pronated group).Conclusion: As a good measure of torque which is transmitted to the lower extremity, may free moment be a useful biomechanical indicator for both clinical and research purposes.

scholarly journals Stride Pattern of the Lower Extremities Among Stride Types in Baseball Pitching

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Wei Chen ◽  
Wen-Tzu Tang ◽  
Jung-Tang Kung ◽  
Tsung-Ying Hung ◽  
Yu-Lin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Lower Extremities ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

The present study investigated the differences in the stride pattern of the lower extremities among different stride types in baseball pitchers with the aim of evaluating stride movement and skills to improve training effectiveness. Thirty elite male college baseball pitchers volunteered to pitch on an indoor-mound-like force plate, where motion data of their fastest strike trials were collected using an eight-camera motion analysis system at a 200–250 Hz sampling rate. Pelvis center trajectories of each participant were calculated and further categorized into three groups: tall-and-fall (TF), dip-and-drive (DD), and mixed (MX) pitchers. Motion analysis revealed that DD pitchers initiated pivot–knee extension and pivot–hip adduction earlier than TF pitchers and accelerated their bodies sooner than TF pitchers. In addition, TF pitchers accelerated their bodies forward by pivoting their legs until the middle of the arm-cocking and acceleration phases. The movement patterns of MX pitchers were similar to those of DD pitchers in terms of pivot leg, although this occurred a little later in the stride. Our findings are useful in developing training strategies for coaches, players, and trainers to better meet the demands of different pitching styles.

The Influence of Different Force and Pressure Measuring Transducers on Lower Extremity Kinematics Measured During Running

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sinclair ◽  
Sarah J. Hobbs ◽  
Paul J. Taylor ◽  
Graham Currigan ◽  
Andrew Greenhalgh
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Measuring Transducer ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Measuring Devices ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

In running analyses where both kinetic and kinematic information is recorded, participants are required to make foot contact with a force and/or pressure measuring transducer. Problems arise if participants modify their gait patterns to ensure contact with the device. There is currently a paucity of research investigating the influence of different underfoot kinetic measuring devices on 3-dimensional kinematics of running. Fifteen participants ran at 4.0 m/s in four different conditions: over a floor embedded force plate, Footscan, Matscan, and with no device. Three-dimensional angular kinematic parameters were collected using an eight camera motion analysis system. Hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematics were contrasted using repeated-measures ANOVAs. Participants also rated their subjective comfort in striking each of the three force measuring devices. Significant differences from the uninhibited condition were observed using the Footscan and Matscan in all three planes of rotation, whereas participants subjectively rated the force plate significantly more comfortable than either the Footscan/Matscan devices. The findings of the current investigation therefore suggest that the disguised floor embedded force plate offers the most natural running condition. It is recommended that analyses using devices such as the Footscan/Matscan mats overlying the laboratory surface during running should be interpreted with caution.

Metabolic energy and muscular activity required for leg swing in running

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 2126-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse R. Modica ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Pulling Forces ◽  
The Cost

The metabolic cost of leg swing in running is highly controversial. We investigated the cost of initiating and propagating leg swing at a moderate running speed and some of the muscular actions involved. We constructed an external swing assist (ESA) device that applied small anterior pulling forces to each foot during the first part of the swing phase. Subjects ran on a treadmill at 3.0 m/s normally and with ESA forces up to 4% body weight. With the greatest ESA force, net metabolic rate was 20.5% less than during normal running. Thus we infer that the metabolic cost of initiating and propagating leg swing comprises ∼20% of the net cost of normal running. Even with the greatest ESA, mean electromyograph (mEMG) of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles during later portions of stance phase did not change significantly compared with normal running, indicating that these muscles are not responsible for the initiation of leg swing. However, with ESA, rectus femoris mEMG during the early portions of swing phase was as much as 74% less than during normal running, confirming that it is responsible for the propagation of leg swing.

scholarly journals Relationship between Quadriceps Tendon Young’s Modulus and Maximum Knee Flexion Angle in the Swing Phase of Gait in Patients with Severe Knee Osteoarthritis

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Bungo Ebihara ◽  
Takashi Fukaya ◽  
Hirotaka Mutsuzaki
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Quadriceps Tendon ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Flexion Angle ◽  
Knee Flexion Angle ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Analysis System

Background and objectives: Decreased knee flexion in the swing phase of gait can be one of the causes of falls in severe knee osteoarthritis (OA). The quadriceps tendon is one of the causes of knee flexion limitation; however, it is unclear whether the stiffness of the quadriceps tendon affects the maximum knee flexion angle in the swing phase. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between quadriceps tendon stiffness and maximum knee flexion angle in the swing phase of gait in patients with severe knee OA. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from August 2018 to January 2020. Thirty patients with severe knee OA (median age 75.0 (interquartile range 67.5–76.0) years, Kellgren–Lawrence grade: 3 or 4) were evaluated. Quadriceps tendon stiffness was measured using Young’s modulus by ShearWave Elastography. The measurements were taken with the patient in the supine position with the knee bent at 60° in a relaxed state. A three-dimensional motion analysis system measured the maximum knee flexion angle in the swing phase. The measurements were taken at a self-selected gait speed. The motion analysis system also measured gait speed, step length, and cadence. Multiple regression analysis by the stepwise method was performed with maximum knee flexion angle in the swing phase as the dependent variable. Results: Multiple regression analysis identified quadriceps tendon Young’s modulus (standardized partial regression coefficients [β] = −0.410; p = 0.013) and gait speed (β = 0.433; p = 0.009) as independent variables for maximum knee flexion angle in the swing phase (adjusted coefficient of determination = 0.509; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Quadriceps tendon Young’s modulus is a predictor of the maximum knee flexion angle. Clinically, decreasing Young’s modulus may help to increase the maximum knee flexion angle in the swing phase in those with severe knee OA.

Lower-Extremity Muscle Activity During Aquatic and Land Treadmill Running at the Same Speeds

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Matthew Silvers ◽  
Eadric Bressel ◽  
D. Clark Dickin ◽  
Garry Killgore ◽  
Dennis G. Dolny
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Swing Phase ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Vastus Medialis ◽  
Lower Extremity Muscle

Context:Muscle activation during aquatic treadmill (ATM) running has not been examined, despite similar investigations for other modes of aquatic locomotion and increased interest in ATM running.Objectives:The objectives of this study were to compare normalized (percentage of maximal voluntary contraction; %MVC), absolute duration (aDUR), and total (tACT) lower-extremity muscle activity during land treadmill (TM) and ATM running at the same speeds.Design:Exploratory, quasi-experimental, crossover design.Setting:Athletic training facility.Participants:12 healthy recreational runners (age = 25.8 ± 5 y, height = 178.4 ± 8.2 cm, mass = 71.5 ± 11.5 kg, running experience = 8.2 ± 5.3 y) volunteered for participation.Intervention:All participants performed TM and ATM running at 174.4, 201.2, and 228.0 m/min while surface electromyographic data were collected from the vastus medialis, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and biceps femoris.Main Outcome Measures:For each muscle, a 2 × 3 repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the main effects and environment–speed interaction (P ≤ .05) of each dependent variable: %MVC, aDUR, and tACT.Results:Compared with TM, ATM elicited significantly reduced %MVC (−44.0%) but increased aDUR (+213.1%) and tACT (+41.9%) in the vastus medialis, increased %MVC (+48.7%) and aDUR (+128.1%) in the rectus femoris during swing phase, reduced %MVC (−26.9%) and tACT (−40.1%) in the gastrocnemius, increased aDUR (+33.1%) and tACT (+35.7%) in the tibialis anterior, and increased aDUR (+41.3%) and tACT (+29.2%) in the biceps femoris. At faster running speeds, there were significant increases in tibialis anterior %MVC (+8.6−15.2%) and tACT (+12.7−17.0%) and rectus femoris %MVC (12.1−26.6%; swing phase).Conclusion:No significant environment–speed interaction effects suggested that observed muscle-activity differences between ATM and TM were due to environmental variation, ie, buoyancy (presumed to decrease %MVC) and drag forces (presumed to increase aDUR and tACT) in the water.

scholarly journals Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1766-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinger S. Gottschall ◽  
Rodger Kram
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Horizontal Force ◽  
Normal Walking ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Muscle Actions

We reasoned that with an optimal aiding horizontal force, the reduction in metabolic rate would reflect the cost of generating propulsive forces during normal walking. Furthermore, the reductions in ankle extensor electromyographic (EMG) activity would indicate the propulsive muscle actions. We applied horizontal forces at the waist, ranging from 15% body weight aiding to 15% body weight impeding, while subjects walked at 1.25 m/s. With an aiding horizontal force of 10% body weight, 1) the net metabolic cost of walking decreased to a minimum of 53% of normal walking, 2) the mean EMG of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) during the propulsive phase decreased to 59% of the normal walking magnitude, and yet 3) the mean EMG of the soleus (Sol) did not decrease significantly. Our data indicate that generating horizontal propulsive forces constitutes nearly half of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Additionally, it appears that the MG plays an important role in forward propulsion, whereas the Sol does not.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between the Contact Force at the Ankle Hook and the Hamstring Muscle Force During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mianfang Ruan ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Weiping Zhu ◽  
Tianchen Huang ◽  
Xie Wu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Contact Forces ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Hamstring Muscle ◽  
Novel Device ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Analysis System

A novel device has been developed to assess eccentric hamstring strength during the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) by measuring the contact force at the ankle hook (brace). The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the force measured at the ankle hook and the hamstring force estimated by a low extremity model. Thirteen male college sprinters were recruited to perform NHE on an instrumented device Nordbord (Vald Performance, Australia). Contact forces were measured at a sampling rate of 50 Hz at the hooks using the uniaxial load cells. 3D kinematics were measured simultaneously at a sampling rate of 200 Hz using a 16-camera motion analysis system (Vicon Motion Analysis, Oxford, United Kingdom) during the NHE. The data were processed with Visual 3D (C-Motion, Germantown, MD, United States) and OpenSim (NCSRR, Stanford, CA, United States) to calculate the knee joint center’s coordinates and hamstring moment arms during NHE. A static low extremity model was built to estimate the hamstring force during NHE. We have observed a significant but not very high correlation (r2 = 0.58) between peak hamstring force and the peak contact force at the ankle hook. The peak contact force measured at the ankle hook can only explain a little more than half of the variations in peak hamstring muscle forces during NHE. Caution must be exercised when assessing the eccentric hamstring strength using the ankle contact force during NHE.

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