scholarly journals Measurement and Analysis of the Parameters of Modern Long-Range Thermal Imaging Cameras

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5700
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Barela ◽  
Krzysztof Firmanty ◽  
Mariusz Kastek
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Infrared Cameras ◽  
The Military

Today’s long-range infrared cameras (LRIRC) are used in many systems for the protection of critical infrastructure or national borders. The basic technical parameters of such systems are noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD); minimum resolvable temperature difference (MRTD); and the range of detection, recognition and identification of selected objects (DRI). This paper presents a methodology of the theoretical determination of these parameters on the basis of technical data of LRIRCs. The first part of the paper presents the methods used for the determination of the detection, recognition and identification ranges based on the well-known Johnson criteria. The theoretical backgrounds for both approaches are given, and the laboratory test stand is described together with a brief description of the methodology adopted for the measurements of the selected necessary characteristics of a tested observation system. The measurements were performed in the Accredited Testing Laboratory of the Institute of Optoelectronics of the Military University of Technology (AL IOE MUT), whose activity is based on the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. The measurement results are presented, and the calculated ranges for a selected set of IR cameras are given, obtained on the basis of the Johnson criteria. In the final part of the article, the obtained measurement results are presented together with an analysis of the measurement uncertainty for 10 LRIRCs. The obtained measurement results were compared to the technical parameters presented by the manufacturers.

DETERMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF THE TIME BETWEEN FAILURES OF A WEAPON MODEL WITHOUT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ENEMY’S FIRE IMPACT

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
M. Sliusarenko ◽  
O. Semenenko ◽  
T. Akinina ◽  
O. Zaritsky ◽  
V. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Analytical Description ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Incorrect Choice ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Time Between Failures ◽  
The Military ◽  
Fire Impact

In the article, based on the analysis of the requirements for the readiness of weapons and military equipment during combat use and the reliability of their operation in the course of combat operations, it was discovered that one of the reasons that causes a discrepancy between the declared failures and real ones may be the incorrect choice and justification of the time distribution function up to the refusal of military means. As a rule, during the development of these tools, the function of distribution of time to failure is chosen by analogy with similar patterns of weapons and military equipment. In the theory of reliability, special attention is given to choosing the function of time-breaking non-response (failures or failures). Therefore, the article deals with the questions of evaluating the effectiveness of functioning of complex systems and methods of modeling the processes of their functioning, taking into account the laws of the distribution of random variables. The discrepancy between the declared irregularity of the military apparatus and the fact that is actually observed in the troops can be explained by the incorrectly accepted hypothesis about the distribution of time to failure. Therefore, the article analyzes the order of the justification of such a function without taking into account the enemy's fire impact and the proposed variant of determining the function of distribution of the time of work until the refusal of the model of military equipment. The article also cites the reasons for the discrepancy between the claimed missile defense equipment and what is actually observed in the troops. The proposed mathematical model of faultlessness, which at stages of designing and design will allow to set requirements to the model of technology with the help of analytical description. The sequence of calculations of non-failure indexes based on the use of Weibull distribution is substantiated.

Israeli Intelligence: Organization, Failures, and Successes

2010 ◽  
pp. 805-822
Author(s):  
Ephraim Kahana
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Intelligence Community ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Intelligence System ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
The Military

The State of Israel was established only in 1948, but in its fifty-seven years of existence, its intelligence community has been one of the most professional and effective in the world. The Israel Mossad has become the leading agency in Israel's success in the conflict with the Arab states. Its mission not only includes that of ascertaining the plans and strengths of the Arab military forces opposing Israel but also the work of combating Arab terrorism in Israel and abroad against Israeli and Jewish targets, collecting sensitive technical data, and conducting political-liaison and propaganda operations. The Israel intelligence community is composed of four separate components: the Mossad is responsible for intelligence gathering and operations in foreign countries; the Israeli Security Agency controls internal security and intelligence within the occupied territories; the Military Intelligence is responsible for collecting military, geographic, and economic intelligence, particularly in the Arab world and along Israel's borders; and the Center for Political Research in the Foreign Ministry prepares analysis for government policymakers based on raw intelligence and analytical papers. This article discusses the organization, failures, and successes of the Israeli intelligence. Particular attention is given to the huge mistakes and failures of the Israeli intelligence. Discussions included herein are: the evolution of the Israeli intelligence and the future challenges of the intelligence system.

scholarly journals Bichromatic Photoassociation Spectroscopy for the Determination of Rotational Constants of Cs2 0 u + Long-Range State below the 6S1/2 + 6P1/2 Asymptote

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3963
Author(s):  
Jizhou Wu ◽  
Jie Ma ◽  
Yuqing Li ◽  
Wenliang Liu ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Rigid Rotor ◽  
Simple Analysis ◽  
Rotational Constants ◽  
Vibrational Levels ◽  
Photoassociation Spectroscopy ◽  
Rotor Model ◽  
Good Agreement

This article demonstrates new observation of the high-resolution ro-vibrational bichromatic photoassociation spectra (BPAS) of Cs2 in the 0u+ long-range state below the asymptotes 6S1/2 + 6P1/2. By combining with a modulation spectroscopic technique, precise references of the frequency differences have been engineered through the BPAS, with which the rotational constants of low-lying vibrational levels of the Cs20u+ long-range state have been accurately determined by fitting the frequency differences to the non-rigid-rotor model. The rotational constants for the newly observed seven ro-vibrational levels are summarized and disagreement for the level ῦ = 498 is clarified. The rotational constants of different vibrational levels demonstrate strong perturbations of the related energy structures. A simple analysis is performed and shows good agreement with experimental results.

scholarly journals Thermo-voltage measurements of atomic contacts at low temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 767-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Ofarim ◽  
Bastian Kopp ◽  
Thomas Möller ◽  
León Martin ◽  
Johannes Boneberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Laser Heating ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Break Junction ◽  
Resistance Change ◽  
Element Simulation ◽  
Novel Method

We report the development of a novel method to determine the thermopower of atomic-sized gold contacts at low temperature. For these measurements a mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) system is used and a laser source generates a temperature difference of a few kelvins across the junction to create a thermo-voltage. Since the temperature difference enters directly into the Seebeck coefficient S = −ΔV/ΔT, the determination of the temperature plays an important role. We present a method for the determination of the temperature difference using a combination of a finite element simulation, which reveals the temperature distribution of the sample, and the measurement of the resistance change due to laser heating of sensor leads on both sides next to the junction. Our results for the measured thermopower are in agreement with recent reports in the literature.

Semi-empirical determination of the long-range molecular states dissociating to C(3PJ)+O(3PJ′)

1989 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bussery ◽  
M.E. Rosenkrantz ◽  
D.D. Konowalow ◽  
M. Aubert-frécon
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Empirical Determination ◽  
Semi Empirical

scholarly journals Pension Payment as A Critical Infrastructure

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Attila Szántó ◽  
Gusztáv Áron Szíki ◽  
Sándor Hajdu ◽  
András Gábora ◽  
Kristóf Balázs Sipos
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Simulation Program ◽  
Technical Data ◽  
The University ◽  
Race Cars ◽  
Pension Payment

Abstract In the following the role and contribution of vehicle dynamics simulation to the development of race cars at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Debrecen is presented. The application of the developed simulation program for the optimization of the car’s technical data, together with the principle and method of optimization, is also described here.

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