scholarly journals Survey and Synthesis of State of the Art in Driver Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5558
Author(s):  
Anaïs Halin ◽  
Jacques G. Verly ◽  
Marc Van Droogenbroeck
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
The State ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Vehicle Owner ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Driver Monitoring ◽  
The Many

Road vehicle accidents are mostly due to human errors, and many such accidents could be avoided by continuously monitoring the driver. Driver monitoring (DM) is a topic of growing interest in the automotive industry, and it will remain relevant for all vehicles that are not fully autonomous, and thus for decades for the average vehicle owner. The present paper focuses on the first step of DM, which consists of characterizing the state of the driver. Since DM will be increasingly linked to driving automation (DA), this paper presents a clear view of the role of DM at each of the six SAE levels of DA. This paper surveys the state of the art of DM, and then synthesizes it, providing a unique, structured, polychotomous view of the many characterization techniques of DM. Informed by the survey, the paper characterizes the driver state along the five main dimensions—called here “(sub)states”—of drowsiness, mental workload, distraction, emotions, and under the influence. The polychotomous view of DM is presented through a pair of interlocked tables that relate these states to their indicators (e.g., the eye-blink rate) and the sensors that can access each of these indicators (e.g., a camera). The tables factor in not only the effects linked directly to the driver, but also those linked to the (driven) vehicle and the (driving) environment. They show, at a glance, to concerned researchers, equipment providers, and vehicle manufacturers (1) most of the options they have to implement various forms of advanced DM systems, and (2) fruitful areas for further research and innovation.

scholarly journals Designing of Nanomaterials-Based Enzymatic Biosensors: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Electrochem ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-184
Author(s):  
Francisco T. T. Cavalcante ◽  
Italo R. R. de A. Falcão ◽  
José E. da S. Souza ◽  
Thales G. Rocha ◽  
Isamayra G. de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immobilization ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Synthesis Properties ◽  
Signal Response ◽  
Enzymatic Biosensors ◽  
The Many ◽  
Biological Entities

Among the many biological entities employed in the development of biosensors, enzymes have attracted the most attention. Nanotechnology has been fostering excellent prospects in the development of enzymatic biosensors, since enzyme immobilization onto conductive nanostructures can improve characteristics that are crucial in biosensor transduction, such as surface-to-volume ratio, signal response, selectivity, sensitivity, conductivity, and biocatalytic activity, among others. These and other advantages of nanomaterial-based enzymatic biosensors are discussed in this work via the compilation of several reports on their applications in different industrial segments. To provide detailed insights into the state of the art of this technology, all the relevant concepts around the topic are discussed, including the properties of enzymes, the mechanisms involved in their immobilization, and the application of different enzyme-derived biosensors and nanomaterials. Finally, there is a discussion around the pressing challenges in this technology, which will be useful for guiding the development of future research in the area.

Testing Graphical User Interfaces

2011 ◽  
pp. 3739-3744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaymie Strecker ◽  
Atif M. Memon
Keyword(s):  
User Interfaces ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Graphical User Interfaces ◽  
The State ◽  
Regression Testing ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Test Oracles ◽  
Gui Testing ◽  
The Many ◽  
Technological World

This chapter describes the state of the art in testing GUI-based software. Traditionally, GUI testing has been performed manually or semimanually, with the aid of capture- replay tools. Since this process may be too slow and ineffective to meet the demands of today’s developers and users, recent research in GUI testing has pushed toward automation. Model-based approaches are being used to generate and execute test cases, implement test oracles, and perform regression testing of GUIs automatically. This chapter shows how research to date has addressed the difficulties of testing GUIs in today’s rapidly evolving technological world, and it points to the many challenges that lie ahead.

The Possibility of Soaring in Horizontal Wind

1898 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
L. Hargrave
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Many

There is a publication called the “Aeronautical Annual,” edited by James Means, Boston, Mass. In No. ‘Z and 3 of that work, Mr. Octave Chanute goes exhaustively into the question of sailing flight, and specifies every letter and article that bears on the subject. This paper may be said to take up the running where Mr. Chanute leaves off. My reasons for not writing to that periodical straight, are that publication would be delayed for many months; and the state of the art is such that at any moment some one of the many who are investigating this subject may drop on the facts stated in this paper, take out a master patent which would rule the construction of all future flying machines, and tax us all round for our good, as the protectionists say, thus throwing our work back for years. I therefore, with your permission, read this paper, and show the models that work as I describe, and thereby destroy the novelty of the invention for all time.

Custodial Grandparents: The State of the Art and the Many Faces of this Contribution

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacramento Pinazo-Hernandis ◽  
Catherine J. Tompkins
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Custodial Grandparents ◽  
The Many

Flow Over Tail and in Wake of Axisymmetric Bodies: Review of the State of the Art

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 201-214
Author(s):  
V. C. Patel ◽  
H. C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Axisymmetric Flow ◽  
The State ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Body Of Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Many ◽  
Axisymmetric Bodies

The many methods that have been proposed over the past decade for the calculation of unseparated axisymmetric flow over the tail of a body of revolution are reviewed, and the results of a recently developed method are presented and discussed in detail to assess the state of the art. It is shown that some computational techniques have advanced to a stage where quite accurate solutions can be obtained for such flows.

scholarly journals Back to Basics: Benchmarking Canonical Evolution Strategies for Playing Atari

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patryk Chrabąszcz ◽  
Ilya Loshchilov ◽  
Frank Hutter
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Evolution Strategies ◽  
Learning Problems ◽  
Local Minima ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

Evolution Strategies (ES) have recently been demonstrated to be a viable alternative to reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms on a set of challenging deep learning problems, including Atari games and MuJoCo humanoid locomotion benchmarks. While the ES algorithms in that work belonged to the specialized class of natural evolution strategies (which resemble approximate gradient RL algorithms, such as REINFORCE), we demonstrate that even a very basic canonical ES algorithm can achieve the same or even better performance. This success of a basic ES algorithm suggests that the state-of-the-art can be advanced further by integrating the many advances made in the field of ES in the last decades.We also demonstrate that ES algorithms have very different performance characteristics than traditional RL algorithms: on some games, they learn to exploit the environment and perform much better while on others they can get stuck in suboptimal local minima. Combining their strengths and weaknesses with those of traditional RL algorithms is therefore likely to lead to new advances in the state-of-the-art for solving RL problems.

Weight Considerations for Deep Submersibles

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 196-204
Author(s):  
E. H. Nickell
Keyword(s):  
Weight Reduction ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Bulk Material ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
The State ◽  
Total Weight ◽  
Vehicle Weight ◽  
Large Weight ◽  
Weight Penalty ◽  
The Many

Conventional shallow submersible vehicles depend on the pressure hull for buoyancy, but deep submersibles depend on some type of bulk material for buoyancy. As a consequence, the design of very deep submersibles requires new considerations on the vehicle weight. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the many parameters which affect the boat weight to see which ones are most influential on total weight. To accomplish this objective, a simplified mathematical expression is derived which describes the total weight for a deep submergence vehicle. The expression contains both structural and nonstructural weight items. The structural items include the pressure capsule, outer hull, foundations, and hard tanks. The nonstructural items are the equipment, buoyancy material, and payload. Each weight item is then examined in detail to determine what parameters affect the boat weight. The results show that the greatest weight reduction is possible with the equipment. This is because the state-of-the-art equipment used for deep submersibles has a weight almost equal to three times its displacement, and to furnish sufficient buoyancy material in the boat to float such equipment results in a large weight penalty.

scholarly journals A Recursive Approach to Solving Parity Games in Quasipolynomial Time

2022 ◽  
Vol Volume 18, Issue 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karoliina Lehtinen ◽  
Paweł Parys ◽  
Sven Schewe ◽  
Dominik Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Recursive Algorithm ◽  
The State ◽  
Parity Games ◽  
The Many

Zielonka's classic recursive algorithm for solving parity games is perhaps the simplest among the many existing parity game algorithms. However, its complexity is exponential, while currently the state-of-the-art algorithms have quasipolynomial complexity. Here, we present a modification of Zielonka's classic algorithm that brings its complexity down to $n^{O\left(\log\left(1+\frac{d}{\log n}\right)\right)}$, for parity games of size $n$ with $d$ priorities, in line with previous quasipolynomial-time solutions.

The Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Consciousness

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
The State ◽  
Panoramic View ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many

This book provides a panoramic view of the state of the art in current philosophical research on consciousness. Featuring some of the most prominent contributors to the field, it explores (1) the wide range of types of consciousness there may be, (2) the many psychological phenomena with which consciousness interacts, and (3) the various views concerning the ultimate relationship between consciousness and the physical reality.

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